"Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation."
Study of the relationship between energy, heat, and work.
Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics: This includes the laws of thermodynamics, thermodynamic properties, and thermodynamic systems.
Heat and Work: This topic covers the principles of heat transfer and work transfer, and their relationship with thermodynamics.
Enthalpy and Internal Energy: This topic focuses on the concepts of enthalpy and internal energy and their relationship with thermodynamics.
Temperature, Pressure, and Ideal Gases: This includes the behavior of ideal gases and the relationship between temperature, pressure, and volume.
First Law of Thermodynamics: This topic covers the principle of conservation of energy and energy balance in thermodynamic systems.
Second Law of Thermodynamics: This includes the principles of entropy, reversible and irreversible processes, and heat engine cycles.
Thermodynamic Properties of Fluids: This covers the thermodynamic properties of fluids such as specific heat, viscosity, and thermal conductivity.
Heat Transfer: This topic covers the principles of heat transfer and the different modes of heat transfer.
Phase Transformations and Equilibrium: This includes the principles of phase transformations and phase equilibrium in thermodynamic systems.
Thermodynamics of Materials: This topic focuses on the thermodynamic behavior of materials, such as phase diagrams and alloy systems.
Applications of Thermodynamics: This includes the application of thermodynamics in manufacturing processes such as casting, forging, and heat treatment.
Thermal Processing of Materials: This topic covers the thermal processing of materials such as annealing, quenching, tempering, and case hardening.
Combustion and Engines: This includes the principles of combustion and the thermodynamics of combustion engines.
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning: This topic covers the principles of refrigeration and air conditioning and their relationship with thermodynamics.
Industrial Thermodynamics: This includes the application of thermodynamics in industrial processes, such as power generation and chemical manufacturing.
Classical Thermodynamics: This is the fundamental branch of thermodynamics and deals with macroscopic systems.
Statistical Thermodynamics: This branch of thermodynamics is concerned with the properties of matter in terms of the motions of individual particles, such as atoms and molecules.
Chemical Thermodynamics: This branch of thermodynamics is concerned with the study of the relationship between energy changes and chemical reactions.
Equilibrium Thermodynamics: This branch of thermodynamics is concerned with the study of the behavior of macroscopic systems in equilibrium.
Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics: This branch of thermodynamics is concerned with the study of the behavior of systems that are not in thermodynamic equilibrium.
Quantum Thermodynamics: This branch of thermodynamics is concerned with the study of the relationship between energy changes and quantum mechanical systems.
Black Hole Thermodynamics: This is a theoretical branch of thermodynamics concerned with the properties of black holes.
Electrochemical Thermodynamics: This branch of thermodynamics deals with the relationship between electrical energy and chemical reactions.
Geothermal Thermodynamics: This branch of thermodynamics is concerned with the study of the thermal properties of the earth.
Stellar Thermodynamics: This branch of thermodynamics is concerned with the study of the behavior of stars.
Aero-thermodynamics: This branch of thermodynamics is concerned with the study of the thermodynamics of gases in motion, such as those found in aircraft engines.
"The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws of thermodynamics which convey a quantitative description using measurable macroscopic physical quantities."
"The behavior of these quantities may be explained in terms of microscopic constituents by statistical mechanics."
"Thermodynamics applies to a wide variety of topics in science and engineering, especially physical chemistry, biochemistry, chemical engineering, and mechanical engineering, but also in other complex fields such as meteorology."
"Historically, thermodynamics developed out of a desire to increase the efficiency of early steam engines."
"French physicist Sadi Carnot (1824) who believed that engine efficiency was the key that could help France win the Napoleonic Wars."
"Scots-Irish physicist Lord Kelvin was the first to formulate a concise definition of thermodynamics in 1854."
"German physicist and mathematician Rudolf Clausius restated Carnot's principle known as the Carnot cycle and gave the theory of heat a truer and sounder basis."
"His most important paper, 'On the Moving Force of Heat,' published in 1850, first stated the second law of thermodynamics."
"In 1865 he introduced the concept of entropy."
"In 1870 he introduced the virial theorem, which applied to heat."
"The initial application of thermodynamics to mechanical heat engines was quickly extended to the study of chemical compounds and chemical reactions."
"Chemical thermodynamics studies the nature of the role of entropy in the process of chemical reactions."
"Statistical thermodynamics, or statistical mechanics, concerns itself with statistical predictions of the collective motion of particles from their microscopic behavior."
"In 1909, Constantin Carathéodory presented a purely mathematical approach in an axiomatic formulation, a description often referred to as geometrical thermodynamics."