"The modification and manipulation of an organism's genes using technology."
Use of genetic manipulation techniques to modify the DNA of an organism, including gene therapy and genetic testing and counseling.
"It is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries."
"New DNA is obtained by either isolating and copying the genetic material of interest using recombinant DNA methods or by artificially synthesizing the DNA."
"The first recombinant DNA molecule was made by Paul Berg in 1972."
"An organism that is generated through genetic engineering is considered to be genetically modified (GM) and the resulting entity is a genetically modified organism (GMO)."
"Rudolf Jaenisch created the first GM animal when he inserted foreign DNA into a mouse in 1974."
"Genetically engineered human insulin was produced in 1978."
"The Flavr Savr tomato, engineered to have a longer shelf life, was released in 1994."
"Most current GM crops are modified to increase resistance to insects and herbicides."
"In addition to producing hormones, vaccines, and other drugs, genetic engineering has the potential to cure genetic diseases through gene therapy."
"GMOs are used to study gene function and expression through loss of function, gain of function, tracking, and expression experiments."
"The same techniques used to produce drugs can also have industrial applications such as producing enzymes for laundry detergent, cheeses, and other products."
"The rise of commercialized genetically modified crops has provided economic benefit to farmers in many different countries."
"Genetic engineering has been the source of most of the controversy surrounding the technology."
"There is a scientific consensus that currently available food derived from GM crops poses no greater risk to human health than conventional food."
"Gene flow, impact on non-target organisms, control of the food supply, and intellectual property rights have also been raised as potential issues."
"The development of a regulatory framework started in 1975."
"The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, adopted in 2000, addresses biosafety for genetically modified organisms."
"Individual countries have developed their own regulatory systems regarding GMOs, with the most marked differences occurring between the US and Europe."
"The first company to focus on genetic engineering, Genentech, was founded in 1976."