"Immigration is the international movement of people to a destination country of which they are not natives or where they do not possess citizenship in order to settle as permanent residents or naturalized citizens."
Study of the movement of individuals or workers across geographical boundaries and how it affects the labor market of both the host and source countries.
Definition and measurement of migration: This topic covers the fundamental terms and concepts related to migration, including the various types of migration, methods of measuring migration, and data sources.
Push and pull factors: This topic explores the economic, social, political, and environmental factors that influence people to migrate, either from their place of origin (push) or towards a destination (pull).
Effects on labor markets: This topic examines how migration can impact the labor market, including the effects on wages, employment, and skill levels of both migrants and native-born workers.
Economic impact of migration: This topic discusses the broader economic impact of migration, including its effects on trade, growth, and development.
Human capital and migration: This topic explores the role of human capital in migration decisions, including the factors that influence migration decisions and the effect of migration on the accumulation and transfer of human capital.
Migration policies: This topic covers the different policies that governments can adopt to manage migration, including border controls, work permits, and citizenship laws.
Remittances: This topic examines the role of remittances in migration, including the economic implications of remittance flows, the factors that influence remittance behavior, and the policies that can support or limit remittance flows.
Integration of migrants: This topic explores the challenges and opportunities associated with the integration of migrants into their new communities, including the effects on social capital, political participation, and cultural diversity.
Forced migration: This topic covers the types of migration that occur under duress, including displaced persons, refugees, and asylum seekers, and the policies that can support their integration or repatriation.
Brain drain and brain gain: This topic explores the role of migration in the transfer of knowledge and expertise, including the effects of brain drain on source countries and brain gain on destination countries.
Voluntary migration: Voluntary migration happens when people move from one place to another of their own choice. It usually occurs to improve living standards, job opportunities, and new experiences.
Involuntary migration: Involuntary migration is forced migration caused by natural disasters, war, conflict, and persecution. It can cause economic and social disruption and instability to a region or country.
Labor migration: Labor migration refers to moving for employment opportunities. People move to find gainful employment in sectors such as agriculture, manufacturing, services, or trade.
Career migration: Career migration happens when individuals move for opportunities to advance their careers. This type of migration typically occurs in professional and skilled industries where workers can secure better job opportunities.
Seasonal migration: Seasonal migration happens during a particular season in a year, where people move to work in specific industries affected by season changes such as agriculture, tourism, and fishing.
Refugee migration: Refugee migration happens when people flee their home countries due to war, persecution, or political conflict. The United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR) defines a refugee as a person who is unable or unwilling to return to their country of origin due to persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution.
Demographic migration: Demographic migration occurs when people move from one place to another for demographic reasons such as marriage, education, or quality of life. This type of migration typically occurs in urban and regional areas.
Irregular Migration: Irregular migration refers to people migrating without official permission, documentation, or legal status.
Brain drain: Brain drain occurs when highly skilled or talented individuals leave their home country for better opportunities elsewhere. This type of migration can cause harm to the economies of their home countries, leading to social and economic disruption.
Return migration: Return migration happens when people who have been living and working in a foreign country return to their home country or region for various reasons such as retirement or familial obligations.
Environmental migration: Environmental migration happens when people move from one place to another due to environmental changes such as natural disasters, climate change, or rising sea levels. The United Nations estimates that climate change could cause up to 200 million people to migrate by 2050.
"Research suggests that migration is beneficial both to the receiving and sending countries."
"Research, with few exceptions, finds that immigration on average has positive economic effects on the native population."
"Research is mixed as to whether low-skilled immigration adversely affects underprivileged natives."
"Studies show that the elimination of barriers to migration would have profound effects on world GDP, with estimates of gains ranging between 67 and 147 percent for the scenarios in which 37 to 53 percent of the developing countries' workers migrate to the developed countries."
"Development economists argue that reducing barriers to labor mobility between developing countries and developed countries would be one of the most efficient tools of poverty reduction."
"Positive net immigration can soften the demographic dilemma in the aging global North."
"The academic literature provides mixed findings for the relationship between immigration and crime worldwide."
"Research shows that immigration either has no impact on the crime rate or that it reduces the crime rate."
"Research shows that country of origin matters for speed and depth of immigrant assimilation."
"There is considerable assimilation overall for both first- and second-generation immigrants."
"Research has found extensive evidence of discrimination against foreign-born and minority populations in criminal justice, business, the economy, housing, health care, media, and politics in the United States and Europe."
"Commuters, tourists, and other short-term stays in a destination country do not fall under the definition of immigration or migration."
"Seasonal labor immigration is sometimes included [in the definition of immigration], however."
"Reducing barriers to labor mobility between developing countries and developed countries would be one of the most efficient tools of poverty reduction."
"Research has found extensive evidence of discrimination against foreign-born and minority populations in... housing."
"Research has found extensive evidence of discrimination against foreign-born and minority populations in... healthcare."
"Research has found extensive evidence of discrimination against foreign-born and minority populations in... business, the economy."
"Research has found extensive evidence of discrimination against foreign-born and minority populations in... politics in the United States and Europe."
"Research has found extensive evidence of discrimination against foreign-born and minority populations in... the media."