"The gender pay gap or gender wage gap is the average difference between the remuneration for men and women who are working."
This subfield examines the role of gender in the labor market, including gender wage gaps, occupational segregation, and labor force participation rates.
Gender Wage Gap: The difference in earnings between men and women in the same job or level of education.
Occupational Segregation: The practice of men and women being concentrated in different occupations.
Gender Discrimination: When women are treated less favorably than men in hiring, pay, promotions, and other work-related areas.
Gendered Work Roles: The ways in which gender roles, expectations, and stereotypes influence the types of jobs that men and women tend to have.
Time Use and Unpaid Work: The unequal distribution of unpaid care and domestic work, and its impact on gender inequality in the labour market.
Maternal Employment: The effects of motherhood on women's employment trajectories.
Child Care Policies: The role of public and private child care arrangements in facilitating women's employment.
Work-Family Conflict: The challenge of balancing work and family responsibilities, and its impact on both men and women.
Intersectionality: The ways in which gender intersects with other social identities, such as race, class, and sexuality, to create different experiences and opportunities in the labour market.
Masculinity, Femininity, and Labour Market Outcomes: How gender identity shapes labour market participation, opportunities, earnings, and attitudes.
Gender and Entrepreneurship: The gendered nature of the start-up and small business industry.
Women in Management and Leadership: The underrepresentation of women in leadership positions and the barriers they face in advancing in their careers.
Sexual Harassment and Occupational Health: The effects of sexual harassment on women's mental and physical health, as well as their ability to work and succeed.
Gender and Unemployment: How macroeconomic trends, such as recessions and labour market policies, impact men and women differently.
Women and Unions: The role of unions in improving working conditions for women and reducing gender inequality in the workplace.
Gender wage gap: Refers to the difference in earnings between men and women, often attributed to differences in experience, education, and career choices, but can also result from discrimination.
Occupational segregation: Refers to the concentration of men and women in certain types of jobs or industries, which can play a role in perpetuating the gender wage gap.
Maternal bias: A form of workplace discrimination against women who are pregnant or mothers, such as denial of promotions or unfair treatment.
Glass ceiling: A barrier to career advancement experienced by women and minorities, often due to discrimination or biases in hiring and promotion practices.
Sexual harassment: An unwanted or unwelcome form of sexual attention, often used to intimidate, embarrass, or humiliate an employee in the workplace.
Work-life balance: Refers to the ability to balance work commitments with personal and family responsibilities, often a greater challenge for women in the labor force.
Dual-earner families: Households where both partners work outside the home, which can create challenges in balancing work and family responsibilities.
Unpaid care work: Refers to the work of caring for children, elderly or disabled family members, often unpaid and disproportionately performed by women.
Part-time work: Refers to work that is less than full-time, often chosen by women who prioritize family and other personal commitments.
Self-employment: Refers to owning and running one's own business or working as a freelancer, which can provide greater autonomy and flexibility but can also lead to income instability.
Gig economy: Refers to the use of technology platforms to connect workers with short-term or project-based work, which can create opportunities for flexible work arrangements but can also lead to job instability and lack of access to benefits.
"In the United States, for example, the average annual salary of a woman is 83% that of a man."
"This figure changes when controlled for confounding factors such as differences in hours worked, occupations chosen, education, job experience, and level of danger at work, which has adjusted figures in the United States from 95% to 99%."
"The World Health Organization has estimated women healthcare workers earn 28% less on average than men; after adjusting for occupation and hours worked, the gap is changed to 11%."
"The reasons for the gap link to legal, social and economic factors. These include topics such as discrimination based on gender, the motherhood penalty vs. fatherhood bonus, parental leave, and gender norms."
"Additionally, the consequences of the gender pay gap surpass individual grievances, leading to reduced economic output, lower pensions for women, and fewer learning opportunities."
"The gender pay gap can be a problem from a public policy perspective in developing countries because it reduces economic output."
"It means that women are more likely to be dependent upon welfare payments, especially in old age."
Discrimination based on gender is a factor in the gender pay gap."
"This figure changes when controlled for confounding factors such as differences in hours worked, occupations chosen, education, job experience, and level of danger at work."
"After adjusting for occupation and hours worked, the gap is changed to 11%."
"The motherhood penalty vs. fatherhood bonus is one of the reasons for the gender pay gap."
"The consequences of the gender pay gap... leading to reduced economic output, lower pensions for women, and fewer learning opportunities."
"The consequences of the gender pay gap... leading to... fewer learning opportunities."
"The reasons for the gap link to legal, social and economic factors. These include topics such as... gender norms."
"The consequences of the gender pay gap... leading to lower pensions for women."
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"The reasons for the gap link to legal, social and economic factors."
"The gender pay gap can be a problem from a public policy perspective in developing countries."