"A central bank, reserve bank, or monetary authority is an institution that manages the currency and monetary policy of a country or monetary union."
Institutions that manage the monetary policy of a country or group of countries.
Monetary Policy: It refers to the Central Bank's use of various tools to regulate the money supply and interest rates. It includes quantitative easing, open market operations, discount rates, and reserve ratios.
Inflation Targeting: It is a policy under which Central Banks aim to keep inflation within a specific range by using monetary policy tools.
Central Bank Independence: It is the ability of the Central Bank to make and implement decisions without interference from the government.
Exchange Rate Regimes: It includes fixed exchange rate, flexible exchange rate, and managed float exchange rate. It refers to how the Central Bank regulates and monitors the exchange rate of its currency.
Financial Stability: It refers to the ability of the financial system to withstand shocks and prevent bank failures.
Capital Adequacy: The amount of capital a bank holds as a percentage of its total assets. It is used to assess the bank's ability to absorb losses.
Interest Rates: It is the rate at which Central Banks lend money to other banks or the government, and it is one of the key tools used to regulate the economy.
Macroprudential Regulation: It aims to prevent systemic risks in the financial system, such as excessive leverage, liquidity risks, or interconnectedness.
Foreign Reserves: The Central Bank uses its foreign reserves to maintain the value of its currency in foreign exchange markets.
Credit Expansion: The expansion of credit by the Central Bank plays a crucial role in driving economic growth.
Bank Supervision: It refers to the regulatory oversight of banks' activities to ensure their safety and soundness.
Fiscal Policy: It is a policy that involves the government's use of tax and spending measures to manage the economy.
International Monetary Policy: It includes the role of international institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in managing global financial stability.
Financial Markets: It is where financial assets such as stocks, bonds, and derivatives are bought and sold. Central Banks play a key role in regulating these markets.
Money Supply: It refers to the amount of money in circulation in an economy. Central Banks use various tools to manage the money supply.
Bankruptcy Regulation: It refers to the laws and regulations governing the bankruptcy and insolvency proceedings of banks.
Economic Indicators: It includes inflation, unemployment, gross domestic product, and other factors that are used to assess the health of an economy.
Payment Systems: It refers to the mechanisms used by banks to process payments, including settlement systems, clearinghouses, and payment gateways.
Financial Sector Development: It refers to the efforts to develop a vibrant and resilient financial sector that supports economic growth and development.
Interbank Market: It refers to the market where banks can borrow and lend money to each other, often overnight, to maintain their liquidity.
Financial Crisis Management: It refers to the Central Bank's response to a financial crisis, including measures such as bailouts, recapitalization, and resolution frameworks.
Basel Accords: It refers to international regulatory standards for banks, including capital adequacy, risk management, and liquidity requirements.
Islamic Finance: It refers to the financial practices and products that comply with Islamic law. Central Banks in Muslim-majority countries often implement policies that support the development of Islamic finance.
Payment Security: It refers to the measures used to ensure the safety and security of payments, including authentication and encryption techniques.
Digital Currency: It refers to the use of digital tokens or cryptocurrencies in place of traditional currencies. Central Banks are exploring the potential benefits and risks of digital currencies.
Federal Reserve System: The central bank of the United States, responsible for conducting monetary policy, supervising and regulating banks and providing financial services to the U.S. government.
European Central Bank: The central bank of the Eurozone, responsible for conducting monetary policy and supervising banks in the Eurozone.
Bank of Japan: The central bank of Japan, responsible for conducting monetary policy and supervising banks in Japan.
Bank of England: The central bank of the United Kingdom, responsible for conducting monetary policy and supervising banks in the UK.
Reserve Bank of Australia: The central bank of Australia, responsible for conducting monetary policy and supervising banks in Australia.
Central Bank of Russia: The central bank of Russia, responsible for conducting monetary policy and supervising banks in Russia.
People's Bank of China: The central bank of China, responsible for conducting monetary policy and supervising banks in China.
Swiss National Bank: The central bank of Switzerland, responsible for conducting monetary policy, maintaining price stability and supervising banks in Switzerland.
Central Bank of Brazil: The central bank of Brazil, responsible for conducting monetary policy and supervising banks in Brazil.
Bank of Canada: The central bank of Canada, responsible for conducting monetary policy and supervising banks in Canada.
Central Bank of South Africa: The central bank of South Africa, responsible for conducting monetary policy and supervising banks in South Africa.
Central Bank of Nigeria: The central bank of Nigeria, responsible for conducting monetary policy and supervising banks in Nigeria.
Central Bank of India: The central bank of India, responsible for conducting monetary policy and supervising banks in India.
Central Bank of Chile: The central bank of Chile, responsible for conducting monetary policy and supervising banks in Chile.
Central Bank of Mexico: The central bank of Mexico, responsible for conducting monetary policy and supervising banks in Mexico.
Central Bank of Argentina: The central bank of Argentina, responsible for conducting monetary policy and supervising banks in Argentina.
Central Bank of Colombia: The central bank of Colombia, responsible for conducting monetary policy and supervising banks in Colombia.
Central Bank of Peru: The central bank of Peru, responsible for conducting monetary policy and supervising banks in Peru.
Central Bank of Indonesia: The central bank of Indonesia, responsible for conducting monetary policy and supervising banks in Indonesia.
Central Bank of the Philippines: The central bank of the Philippines, responsible for conducting monetary policy and supervising banks in the Philippines.
"In contrast to a commercial bank, a central bank possesses a monopoly on increasing the monetary base."
"Many central banks also have supervisory and/or regulatory powers to ensure the stability of commercial banks in their jurisdiction, to prevent bank runs, and in some cases also to enforce policies on financial consumer protection and against bank fraud, money laundering, or terrorism financing."
"Central banks in most developed nations are institutionally independent from political interference, even though governments typically have governance rights over them and legislative bodies exercise scrutiny."
"Issues like central bank independence, central bank policies and rhetoric in central bank governors' discourse or the premises of macroeconomic policies (monetary and fiscal policy) of the state are a focus of contention and criticism by some policymakers, researchers and specialized business, economics, and finance media."
"Many central banks also have supervisory and/or regulatory powers to ensure the stability of commercial banks in their jurisdiction."
"In some cases also to enforce policies on financial consumer protection and against bank fraud, money laundering, or terrorism financing."
"Governments typically have governance rights over them."
"Legislative bodies exercise scrutiny."
"Central banks in most developed nations are institutionally independent from political interference."
"Issues like central bank independence [...] are a focus of contention and criticism."
"The premises of macroeconomic policies (monetary and fiscal policy) of the state are a focus of contention and criticism."
"A central bank [...] manages the currency and monetary policy of a country or monetary union."
"An institution that manages the currency and monetary policy."
"To ensure the stability of commercial banks in their jurisdiction, to prevent bank runs."
"To enforce policies on financial consumer protection and against bank fraud, money laundering, or terrorism financing."
"Issues like central bank policies and rhetoric [...] are a focus of contention and criticism by some policymakers, researchers and specialized business, economics, and finance media."
"[...] a focus of contention and criticism by some policymakers."
"To focus on contention and criticism by some policymakers, researchers and specialized business, economics, and finance media."
"Contention and criticism by some policymakers, researchers [...]"