"Environmental economics is a sub-field of economics concerned with environmental issues."
Studies the relationship between the environment and economic development, including topics such as natural resource management, climate change, and sustainable development.
Basic concepts: The basic concepts of environmental economics include externalities, tragedy of the commons, marginal cost and benefit, dynamic efficiency, opportunity cost, and market failure.
Natural resources: Natural resources are the underlying foundation of environmental economics. This topic covers natural resources such as land, water, air, minerals, and biodiversity.
Property rights: Property rights refer to the legal frameworks that govern ownership and use of natural resources. This topic examines how property rights affect sustainable development.
Market failure: Market failure arises when the market fails to allocate resources efficiently. This topic explores the reasons for market failure, and how policymakers can address it.
Environmental policies and institutions: This topic includes the study of environmental policies such as command and control policies, economic incentives, and voluntary agreements. It also covers the institutions that implement these policies.
Climate change economics: Climate change is one of the biggest threats to sustainable development. This topic focuses on the economic dimensions of climate change, including mitigation and adaptation strategies.
Energy economics: Energy economics deals with the production, distribution, and consumption of energy. Sustainable development requires a transition to a low-carbon energy system, and this topic explores the economic aspects of this transition.
Sustainable development goals: The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) provide a framework for sustainable development efforts around the world. This topic examines the economic dimensions of the SDGs.
Poverty and inequality: Poverty and inequality are major obstacles to sustainable development. This topic explores the causes and consequences of poverty and inequality, and how they can be addressed through economic policies.
Cost-benefit analysis: Cost-benefit analysis is a tool used to evaluate the economic efficiency of policies and projects. This topic covers the basics of cost-benefit analysis and its application in environmental economics.
Environmental valuation: Environmental valuation involves assigning a monetary value to natural resources and ecosystem services. This topic explores different methods of environmental valuation and their limitations.
Environmental impact assessment: Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is a process used to identify and evaluate the potential environmental impacts of a proposed project. This topic covers the basics of EIA and its application in sustainable development.
International trade and the environment: International trade can have both positive and negative environmental impacts. This topic covers the relationship between international trade and the environment, and how trade policies can be designed to encourage sustainable development.
Environmental accounting: Environmental accounting involves incorporating environmental costs and benefits into financial accounting. This topic explores the different methods of environmental accounting and its role in sustainable development.
Corporate social responsibility: Corporate social responsibility (CSR) refers to the responsibility of companies to act in a socially and environmentally responsible manner. This topic examines the economic aspects of CSR and its role in sustainable development.
Pollution Control: This type of environmental economics deals with the regulation and control of pollution. It involves identifying the sources of pollution, setting standards and regulations, and designing market-based mechanisms such as taxes or emissions trading to reduce pollution.
Natural Resource Economics: This type of environmental economics deals with the management and conservation of natural resources such as forests, water, energy, and minerals. It involves analyzing the economic, social, and environmental impacts of resource extraction and designing policies that promote sustainable use and conservation.
Climate Change Economics: This type of environmental economics focuses on the economic impacts of climate change, including the costs of mitigation and adaptation. It involves analyzing the economic, social, and environmental consequences of global warming, designing policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and identifying ways to adapt to the changing climate.
Environmental Valuation: This type of environmental economics examines the economic value of natural resources and ecosystem services. It involves measuring the non-market value of environmental goods and services such as clean air, water, and biodiversity, and incorporating this value into economic decision-making.
Ecological Economics: This type of environmental economics integrates ecological and economic principles to promote sustainable development. It involves analyzing the interdependence of economic systems and natural ecosystems, and designing policies that balance economic development with environmental protection and social equity.
Environmental Policy and Governance: This type of environmental economics focuses on the institutions, policies, and governance structures that shape environmental outcomes. It involves analyzing the effectiveness of environmental regulations and policies, identifying barriers to their implementation, and designing governance structures that promote sustainability.
Economic Sustainability: This type of sustainable development focuses on economic growth and development that is equitable, inclusive, and environmentally sustainable. It involves promoting entrepreneurship, innovation, and investment in sustainable industries, and designing policies that promote economic growth while protecting natural resources.
Social Sustainability: This type of sustainable development focuses on promoting social justice, equity, and inclusion. It involves ensuring access to basic services such as healthcare, education, and housing, and promoting social cohesion and community resilience.
Environmental Sustainability: This type of sustainable development focuses on protecting and restoring natural ecosystems, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and promoting the sustainable use of natural resources. It involves designing policies and programs that promote sustainable energy, water, and land use practices, and reducing waste and pollution.
Cultural Sustainability: This type of sustainable development focuses on promoting cultural diversity, heritage conservation, and the preservation of traditional knowledge and practices. It involves supporting community-based initiatives that promote cultural preservation and recognition, and designing policies that respect and celebrate cultural diversity.
"It has become a widely studied subject due to growing environmental concerns in the twenty-first century."
"Theoretical or empirical studies of the economic effects of national or local environmental policies around the world."
"Particular issues include the costs and benefits of alternative environmental policies to deal with air pollution, water quality, toxic substances, solid waste, and global warming."
"Environmental economics is distinguished from ecological economics in that ecological economics emphasizes the economy as a subsystem of the ecosystem with its focus upon preserving natural capital."
"Ecological economists emphasizing 'strong' sustainability and rejecting the proposition that human-made ('physical') capital can substitute for natural capital."
"One survey of German economists found that ecological and environmental economics are different schools of economic thought."
"Ecological economics emphasizes the economy as a subsystem of the ecosystem."
"The focus [of ecological economics] is upon preserving natural capital."
"Ecological economists reject the proposition that human-made ('physical') capital can substitute for natural capital."
"...to deal with air pollution, water quality, toxic substances, solid waste, and global warming."
"Environmental policies have economic effects in national or local contexts around the world."
"Growing environmental concerns in the twenty-first century."
"Particular issues include the costs and benefits of alternative environmental policies."
"Dealing with air pollution, water quality, toxic substances, solid waste, and global warming."
"Ecological economics emphasizes the economy as a subsystem of the ecosystem."
"Preserving natural capital."
"Ecological and environmental economics are different schools of economic thought."
"Rejecting the proposition that human-made ('physical') capital can substitute for natural capital."
"Concerns regarding environmental issues."