"Reciprocity is a social norm of responding to a positive action with another positive action, rewarding kind actions."
How social norms, reciprocity, and fairness influence decision-making.
Altruism: It refers to the behavior where a person helps others at personal cost.
Reciprocity: It is the principle where people behave in a way that will be reciprocated.
Social norms: They are unwritten rules established by society that dictate appropriate behavior in different situations.
Trust: The belief that someone or something will behave in a particular way can influence how people interact with one another and make decisions.
Group influence: People are influenced by their social groups, and these groups impact their behavior.
Social dilemmas: Situations where individual self-interest conflicts with the best interest of the group and where cooperation and mutual benefit are required.
Fairness: People have a sense of what is fair and not fair, which affects their behavior.
Reputation: The record of someone's actions that is known to others can have a significant impact on their behavior.
Motivation: Different motivations drive people to behave in different ways, including social preferences.
Self-perception: A person's understanding of themselves as an individual affects their social preferences and decisions.
Emotional influences: Emotions like empathy, trust, altruism, and envy can influence social preferences.
Game theory: The study of conflict and cooperation between rational individuals and it helps understand social preferences.
Information sharing: The way people share information with others in a group can have significant effects on decision-making.
Intergenerational consideration: Social preferences also include concerns about the welfare of future generations.
Self-interest: People's decisions are motivated by their desire for personal gain, which can override social preferences.
Reciprocity: The tendency to repay people for what they have done for us. This can manifest in direct reciprocity (returning a favor to an individual who helped us), indirect reciprocity (reputation-based reciprocity based on the observation of others), and generalized reciprocity (helping someone without expectation of return).
Fairness: The desire for justice and equality, which can be divided into distributive fairness (the fairness of outcomes) and procedural fairness (the fairness of the process used to achieve outcomes).
Altruism: The desire to benefit others at one's own expense, often seen in charitable giving or volunteering.
Trust: The willingness to rely on others and trust that they will act in our best interests.
Empathy: The ability to understand and share the feelings of others, which can lead to sympathetic behavior and a desire to alleviate their suffering.
Social norms: The unwritten rules of a society that influence how people behave towards each other, including norms of generosity, reciprocity, and fairness.
Group identity: The tendency to identify with and favor members of one's own group, which can lead to in-group favoritism and out-group discrimination.
Preference for moral consistency: The desire to behave in a manner consistent with one's values, principles, and beliefs.
Ambiguity aversion: The tendency to avoid uncertainty, which can influence how people perceive and make decisions in social situations.
Reputation: The importance people place on their reputation and social standing, which can lead to socially advantageous behavior.
"In response to friendly actions, people are frequently much nicer and much more cooperative than predicted by the self-interest model; conversely, in response to hostile actions, they are frequently much more nasty and even brutal."
"Reciprocity makes it possible to build sustainable and continuing relationships with reciprocal exchanges."
"If the institutions of democracy and capitalism are to work properly, they must coexist within certain premodern cultural habits that ensure their proper functioning."
"Law, contract, and economic rationality and prosperity.... must as well be leavened with reciprocity, moral obligation, duty toward community, and trust...."
"Only a few members of society—the very young, the sick, or the old—are exempt from it."
"The R-Model was developed as a theory sustainable healthy relationships with reciprocal elements at its core."
"The theory explains the need for reciprocity is necessary for the relationship to be sustainable and health."
"It is considered a biopsychosocial model, a class of trans-disciplinary models which look at the interconnection between biology, psychology, and socio-environmental factors."
"The initial model was influenced by works from Eric Berne, John Bowlby, and George Kohlrieser."
"Reciprocal actions only follow from others' initial actions, while altruism is the unconditional act of social gift-giving without any hope or expectation of future positive responses."
"Some distinguish between ideal altruism (giving with no expectation of future reward) and reciprocal altruism (giving with limited expectation or the potential for expectation of future reward)."
"The author of the R-Model explains the need for balance in a relationship, and with balance, there can be even growth in the relationship."
"...reciprocity, moral obligation, duty toward community, and trust...."
"People are frequently much nicer and much more cooperative than predicted by the self-interest model."
"The institutions of democracy and capitalism must coexist within certain premodern cultural habits."
"Reciprocity makes it possible to build sustainable and continuing relationships with reciprocal exchanges."
"Only a few members of society—the very young, the sick, or the old—are exempt from it."
"Reciprocity, moral obligation, duty toward community, and trust are not anachronisms in a modern society but rather the sine qua non of the latter’s success."
"The theory explains the need for reciprocity is necessary for the relationship to be sustainable and healthy."