"Volcanic rock is a rock formed from lava erupted from a volcano."
Types of rocks formed from volcanic activity, including basalt, andesite, rhyolite, and pumice. Understanding volcanic rocks is important for understanding the composition and properties of magma.
Types of volcanic eruption: The different types of explosive and non-explosive volcanic eruptions and their characteristics.
Volcanic hazards: The various hazards associated with volcanic eruptions, including lava flows, ash falls, pyroclastic flows, and lahars.
Magma: Definition, composition, and types of magma, as well as the processes that affect its physical and chemical properties.
Igneous rocks: The classification and properties of igneous rocks, including intrusive and extrusive rocks, and how they are formed.
Volcanic landforms: The different types of volcanic landforms, such as shield volcanoes, stratovolcanoes, calderas, volcanic domes, and fissure vents.
Volcanic gases: The composition and properties of volcanic gases, including water vapor, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and other toxic gases.
Volcanic eruptions and the environment: The impact of volcanic eruptions on the environment, including air quality, climate, and biological diversity.
Volcanic monitoring: The techniques used to monitor volcanic activity, including seismology, GPS, remote sensing, and gas measurements.
Volcanic eruption forecasting: The methods used to forecast the likelihood and potential impacts of volcanic eruptions.
Volcanic eruption response and mitigation: The strategies for responding to volcanic eruptions, including evacuation, emergency response, and hazard mitigation measures.
Basalt: Fine-grained volcanic rock, dark in color, and contains minerals like plagioclase, pyroxene & olivine.
Andesite: Fine-grained volcanic rock, medium brown to grey in color, composed of plagioclase, biotite, hornblende, and sometimes pyroxene.
Rhyolite: Fine-grained volcanic rock, pink to light colour, composed of quartz, feldspar, mica, and other related minerals.
Phonolite: Fine-grained volcanic rock, grey to black in color, composed of feldspar, pyroxene, and nepheline.
Obsidian: Glassy volcanic rock, smooth, and black in color.
Pumice: Lightweight volcanic rock, normally grey or white in color, contains pores or bubbles formed by the rapid, abrupt cooling of volcanic glass.
Tuff: Fine-grained, pyroclastic rock, normally composed of volcanic ash and other loose materials.
Scoria: Fine-grained volcanic rock, typically dark in color, containing many air pockets or vesicles.
Komatiite: Fine-grained volcanic rock, normally greenish-blue or black in color, high in magnesium, with low silica and alumina.
Dacite: Fine-grained volcanic rock, white to grey to light brown in color, composed of plagioclase, hornblende, biotite, and quartz.
"Volcanic rocks grade into hypabyssal and metamorphic rocks and constitute an important element of some sediments and sedimentary rocks."
"In geology, volcanics and shallow hypabyssal rocks are not always treated as distinct."
"In the context of Precambrian shield geology, the term 'volcanic' is often applied to what are strictly metavolcanic rocks."
"Volcanic rocks and sediment that form from magma erupted into the air are called 'pyroclastics.'"
"Volcanic rocks are among the most common rock types on Earth's surface, particularly in the oceans."
"On land, they are very common at plate boundaries and in flood basalt provinces."
"It has been estimated that volcanic rocks cover about 8% of the Earth's current land surface."
"Like all rock types, the concept of volcanic rock is artificial."
"Volcanic rocks grade into hypabyssal and metamorphic rocks and constitute an important element of some sediments and sedimentary rocks."
"Volcanics and shallow hypabyssal rocks are not always treated as distinct."
"These are called 'pyroclastics,' and these are also technically sedimentary rocks."
"Volcanic rocks are most common on Earth's surface, particularly in the oceans."
"They are very common at plate boundaries and in flood basalt provinces."
"It has been estimated that volcanic rocks cover about 8% of the Earth's current land surface."
"The concept of volcanic rock is artificial, and in nature volcanic rocks grade into hypabyssal and metamorphic rocks."
"In the context of Precambrian shield geology, the term 'volcanic' is often applied to what are strictly metavolcanic rocks."
"These are called 'pyroclastics,' and these are also technically sedimentary rocks."
"Volcanic rocks are among the most common rock types on Earth's surface, particularly in the oceans."
"It has been estimated that volcanic rocks cover about 8% of the Earth's current land surface."