- "Several types of volcanic eruptions…have been distinguished by volcanologists. These are often named after famous volcanoes where that type of behavior has been observed. Some volcanoes may exhibit only one characteristic type of eruption during a period of activity, while others may display an entire sequence of types all in one eruptive series." - "…lava, tephra (ash, lapilli, volcanic bombs, and volcanic blocks), and assorted gases are expelled from a volcanic vent or fissure…"
The process by which magma rises from the Earth's mantle to the surface and erupts as lava, pyroclastic material, or gas. Understanding volcanic eruptions is important to predict and monitor volcanic activity.
Plate Tectonics: The theory that explains the movement of the Earth's lithospheric plates and the formation of volcanoes.
Types of Volcanic Eruptions: The different types of volcanic eruptions that can occur, including explosive, effusive, and phreatic eruptions.
Volcanic Products: The different products that can be produced by volcanic eruptions, including lava flows, ash fall, pyroclastic flows, and volcanic gases.
Volcanic Hazards: The hazards associated with volcanic eruptions, including pyroclastic flows, lahars, lava flows, ash fall, and volcanic gases.
Monitoring and Predicting Volcanic Eruptions: The techniques used to monitor and predict volcanic eruptions, such as seismology, GPS, satellite imagery, and gas monitoring.
Volcano Anatomy: The anatomy of a volcano, including magma chambers, vents, craters, and calderas.
Volcano Formation: The processes that lead to the formation of a volcano, including subduction, hotspots, and rift zones.
Volcano Classification: The different types of volcanoes, including shield volcanoes, composite volcanoes, and cinder cones.
Volcano Case Studies: The study of famous volcanic eruptions, such as Mount St. Helens, Pinatubo, and Vesuvius.
Geothermal Energy: The use of heat from volcanic activity for energy production.
Volcanic Tourism: The tourism industry around volcanoes, including popular destinations such as Hawaii, Iceland, and Italy.
Impacts of Volcanic Eruptions: The social, economic, and environmental impacts of volcanic eruptions, including displacement of populations, destruction of infrastructure, and changes in climate.
Hawaiian Eruptions: These are gentle and effusive eruptions that emit a lot of lava, sometimes with fire fountains.
Strombolian Eruptions: Eruptions characterized by intermittent and moderate eruptions that release gases, ash, and lava fragments.
Vulcanian Eruptions: Explosive eruptions that send ash, pumice, and bombs into the air. They also usually create pyroclastic flows.
Plinian Eruptions: One of the most violent eruptions that spews a considerable amount of ash and gas kilometres high into the atmosphere.
Phreatomagmatic Eruptions: There are explosive eruptions that happen when the magma comes into contact with water or steam.
Surtseyan Eruptions: Eruptions that occur underwater or on the ocean floor to create new islands formed from volcanic cones.
Submarine Eruptions: Eruptions that occur under the sea and sometimes create new islands or seamounts.
Lateral Blasts: Explosive releases from the volcano's side that can be deadly as they can spread in all directions.
Icelandic Eruptions: These eruptions are usually from a laterally occurring fissure and a massive outpour of lava.
Ultra-Plinian Eruptions: These are the grand daddy of all eruptions, and they embroil the complete vent system of the volcano with liquid magma, ash, and gas.
- "Magmatic eruptions are the most well-observed type of eruption. They involve the decompression of gas within magma that propels it forward."
- "Phreatic eruptions are driven by the superheating of steam due to the close proximity of magma."
- "Phreatomagmatic eruptions are driven by the direct interaction of magma and water, as opposed to phreatic eruptions, where no fresh magma reaches the surface."
- "…the weakest are Hawaiian and submarine, then Strombolian, followed by Vulcanian and Surtseyan."
- "The stronger eruptive types are Pelean eruptions, followed by Plinian eruptions; the strongest eruptions are called Ultra-Plinian."
- "Subglacial and phreatic eruptions are defined by their eruptive mechanism, and vary in strength."
- "Phreatomagmatic eruptions are driven by the direct interaction of magma and water, as opposed to phreatic eruptions…"
- "An important measure of eruptive strength is the Volcanic Explosivity Index, an order-of-magnitude scale, ranging from 0 to 8, that often correlates to eruptive types."
- "As of December 2022, the Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program database of volcanic eruptions in the Holocene Epoch…lists 9,901 confirmed eruptions from 859 volcanoes."
- "The database also lists 1,113 uncertain eruptions…"
- "The database also lists 168 discredited eruptions…"
- "The Holocene Epoch (the last 11,700 years)"
- "These [eruption types] are often named after famous volcanoes where that type of behavior has been observed."
- "Some volcanoes may exhibit only one characteristic type of eruption during a period of activity, while others may display an entire sequence of types all in one eruptive series."
- "This type [phreatic eruptions] exhibits no magmatic release, instead causing the granulation of existing rock."
- "…an order-of-magnitude scale, ranging from 0 to 8…"
- "They involve the decompression of gas within magma that propels it forward."
- "There are three different types of eruptions…"
- "They involve the decompression of gas within magma that propels it forward."