"A geographic information system (GIS) consists of integrated computer hardware and software that store, manage, analyze, edit, output, and visualize geographic data."
The integration of remote sensing data with other geospatial data, such as maps, terrain models, and demographic information, to support geospatial analysis and decision-making.
GIS fundamentals: This includes understanding the basics of GIS software, tools, and data management.
Remote sensing fundamentals: This includes understanding the principles and techniques of remote sensing, such as electromagnetic radiation, sensors, and image interpretation.
Data types: This includes understanding the different types of data used in GIS integration such as raster and vector data.
Data processing: This includes understanding the different techniques used in data processing such as data acquisition, georeferencing, and spatial analysis.
Spatial analysis: This includes understanding the different techniques used in spatial analysis such as spatial statistics, modeling, and visualization.
GIS integration: This includes understanding how remote sensing data can be integrated into GIS to create spatial data products such as maps and images.
Image processing and analysis: This includes understanding the different techniques used in image processing and analysis such as pixel classification, feature extraction, and change detection.
Remote sensing applications: This includes understanding the different applications of remote sensing in Earth science such as land cover classification, vegetation mapping, and climate change monitoring.
GIS and remote sensing software: This includes understanding the different GIS and remote sensing software tools such as ArcGIS, QGIS, and ENVI.
Sensors and platforms: This includes understanding the different sensors and platforms used in remote sensing such as satellites, airborne sensors, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).
Image Classification: This involves the process of grouping pixels in an image into categories, based on their spectral properties. This technique is commonly used in land cover mapping and other environmental applications.
Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis (GEOBIA): This technique involves the use of GIS software to segment an image into meaningful objects or features, based on their spectral and spatial properties. This approach is useful for extracting complex features from remote sensing data, such as buildings, roads, and other infrastructure.
Change Detection: This involves the comparison of two or more images of the same area, taken at different times, to detect and quantify changes in land cover, land use, and other environmental variables. Change detection is a useful tool for monitoring land use and land cover change over time.
Hyperspectral Remote Sensing: This technique involves collecting and analyzing data from a large number of narrow spectral bands, allowing for the detection of subtle differences in reflectance that are not visible to the naked eye. Hyperspectral remote sensing is useful for a wide range of applications, including mineral exploration, vegetation monitoring, and environmental monitoring.
Lidar: Lidar (Light Detection and Ranging) involves the use of lasers to create a high-resolution 3D representation of the Earth's surface. This technique is useful for mapping topography, vegetation, and other features, as well as for identifying areas of potential landslide risk and other hazards.
Radar: Radar (Radio Detection and Ranging) involves the use of radio waves to create images of the Earth's surface. This technique is useful for mapping topography, identifying soil moisture, and detecting changes in vegetation cover, among other applications.
"[A GIS] consists of integrated computer hardware and software that store, manage, analyze, edit, output, and visualize geographic data."
"Much of this often happens within a spatial database, however, this is not essential to meet the definition of a GIS."
"One may consider such a system also to include human users and support staff, procedures and workflows, the body of knowledge of relevant concepts and methods, and institutional organizations."
"The uncounted plural, geographic information systems, also abbreviated GIS, is the most common term for the industry and profession concerned with these systems."
"The academic discipline that studies these systems and their underlying geographic principles, may also be abbreviated as GIS, but the unambiguous GIScience is more common."
"They are attached to various operations and numerous applications, that relate to: engineering, planning, management, transport/logistics, insurance, telecommunications, and business."
"GIS and location intelligence applications are at the foundation of location-enabled services, which rely on geographic analysis and visualization."
"GIS provides the capability to relate previously unrelated information, through the use of location as the 'key index variable'."
"Locations and extents that are found in the Earth's spacetime are able to be recorded through the date and time of occurrence, along with x, y, and z coordinates."
"[x, y, and z coordinates representing] longitude (x), latitude (y), and elevation (z)."
"All Earth-based, spatial-temporal, location and extent references should be relatable to one another, and ultimately, to a 'real' physical location or extent."
"This key characteristic of GIS has begun to open new avenues of scientific inquiry and studies." Note: Since not all 20 questions can be answered directly by quotes from the paragraph, I have provided answers for the available quotes.