The use of mathematical models to simulate and predict the movement of water through a particular hydrological system.
Precipitation estimation: This topic involves different methods to estimate the amount and distribution of precipitation in a given area, such as rain gauges, radar, and satellite data.
Evapotranspiration: This topic is focused on the loss of water from the land surface through evaporation and plant transpiration. It's essential to account for evapotranspiration in hydrologic modeling to estimate water balances.
Infiltration: This topic involves the process by which water enters the soil, and it's essential to model the groundwater recharge and water balance.
Runoff generation: This topic is focused on the process by which water enters rivers and streams, and it's influenced by various factors such as watershed characteristics, land use, and topography.
Streamflow routing: This topic involves the modeling of the movement of water in rivers and streams, where different methods such as Muskingum, flood wave, and diffusive wave routing can be used.
Hydrologic modeling software: Various hydrologic modeling software is used to model the hydrologic cycle, such as HEC-HMS, SWAT, and MODFLOW.
GIS (Geographic Information System): GIS is used in hydrologic modeling to analyze and model hydrologic processes spatially.
Hydrologic data collection: This topic involves the collection of essential hydrologic data, such as streamflow, precipitation, temperature, and soil moisture.
Water quality modeling: Water quality modeling is used to determine the quality of water in rivers and streams and the impacts of pollutants.
Hydrologic modeling applications: This topic involves the application of hydrologic modeling in different fields, such as flood forecasting, water resource management, and climate change impact assessment.
Precipitation-Runoff Models: Precipitation-Runoff models simulate the transformation of precipitation into runoff, by accounting for factors such as soil moisture, infiltration, and evapotranspiration.
River Routing Models: River Routing models simulate the hydraulics of river flows, incorporating factors such as channel geometry, topography, and sediment transport.
Land Surface Models: Land Surface models simulate the exchange of water, energy, and carbon between the land surface and the atmosphere, by accounting for factors such as vegetation, soil moisture, and evaporation.
Snowmelt Models: Snowmelt models simulate the melting of snow and ice, by accounting for factors such as solar radiation, air temperature, and precipitation.
Groundwater Models: Groundwater models simulate the flow of water through underground aquifers, by accounting for factors such as rock permeability, water table elevation, and recharge rates.
Flood Models: Flood models simulate the inundation of land areas due to river overflows or storm surges, by accounting for factors such as land topography, river discharge, and coastal morphology.
Water Quality Models: Water Quality models simulate the transport and fate of pollutants in water systems, by accounting for factors such as chemical reactions, sediment transport, and biological processes.
Coastal Models: Coastal models simulate the dynamics of ocean currents, waves, tides, and shoreline morphology, by accounting for factors such as wind, temperature, and sea level rise.