"Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation."
Study of the physical properties of Earth materials, including their phase transitions and energy transfer processes.
Basic concepts of thermodynamics: This includes understanding the different types of energy, thermodynamic systems, thermodynamic processes, thermodynamic properties, thermodynamic laws, and thermodynamic equilibrium.
Units and dimensions: It involves knowing the SI units and dimensions of thermodynamic properties like temperature, pressure, volume, energy, and entropy.
Work and heat: It involves understanding the concepts of work and heat and how they relate to thermodynamic processes.
First law of thermodynamics: It includes understanding the principle of conservation of energy along with the concept of internal energy, work, heat, and enthalpy.
Second law of thermodynamics: It includes understanding the concept of entropy, entropy change, and the Carnot cycle.
Thermodynamic cycles: It involves understanding different types of thermodynamic cycles like Carnot cycle, Rankine cycle, and Brayton cycle.
Phase transitions: It includes understanding the different types of phase transitions that occur in geophysics like melting, freezing, evaporation, sublimation, and condensation.
Ideal gases: It involves understanding the behavior of ideal gases, the ideal gas law and its applications.
Real gases: It includes the differences between the behavior of ideal and real gases and the various equations of state.
Thermodynamics of Earth system: It includes the application of thermodynamics in geophysics, including the thermodynamics of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere.
Thermochemistry: It involves the study of the relationship between thermal energy and chemical reactions.
Statistical thermodynamics: It is the study of the behavior of large numbers of particles based on statistical principles, such as the Boltzmann distribution.
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics: This involves understanding the behavior of thermodynamic systems outside of equilibrium and its applications in geophysics.
Heat transfer: It includes the study of the transfer of heat through conduction, convection and radiation.
Thermal physics: It encompasses the field of thermodynamics together with the study of thermal properties and their interactions.
Energy conversion: It involves the application of thermodynamics in energy conversion systems such as power plants and engines.
Geothermal Thermodynamics: Deals with the study of heat energy and its transfer in the earth's crust.
Atmospheric Thermodynamics: Examines the relationship between atmospheric energy and heat transfer processes.
Planetary Thermodynamics: Deals with the energy and heat transfer processes observed on other planets.
Cryogenic Thermodynamics: Deals with the study of low-temperature energy and heat transfer processes.
Seismological Thermodynamics: It is related to the study of earthquake energy and how it is generated and transferred.
Hydrothermal Thermodynamics: Deals with the study of the heat energy and its transfer in water.
"The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws of thermodynamics which convey a quantitative description using measurable macroscopic physical quantities."
"The behavior of these quantities may be explained in terms of microscopic constituents by statistical mechanics."
"Thermodynamics applies to a wide variety of topics in science and engineering, especially physical chemistry, biochemistry, chemical engineering, and mechanical engineering, but also in other complex fields such as meteorology."
"Historically, thermodynamics developed out of a desire to increase the efficiency of early steam engines."
"French physicist Sadi Carnot (1824) who believed that engine efficiency was the key that could help France win the Napoleonic Wars."
"Scots-Irish physicist Lord Kelvin was the first to formulate a concise definition of thermodynamics in 1854."
"German physicist and mathematician Rudolf Clausius restated Carnot's principle known as the Carnot cycle and gave the theory of heat a truer and sounder basis."
"His most important paper, 'On the Moving Force of Heat,' published in 1850, first stated the second law of thermodynamics."
"In 1865 he introduced the concept of entropy."
"In 1870 he introduced the virial theorem, which applied to heat."
"The initial application of thermodynamics to mechanical heat engines was quickly extended to the study of chemical compounds and chemical reactions."
"Chemical thermodynamics studies the nature of the role of entropy in the process of chemical reactions."
"Statistical thermodynamics, or statistical mechanics, concerns itself with statistical predictions of the collective motion of particles from their microscopic behavior."
"In 1909, Constantin Carathéodory presented a purely mathematical approach in an axiomatic formulation, a description often referred to as geometrical thermodynamics."