"Geology is a branch of natural science concerned with the Earth and other astronomical objects, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change over time."
It is the study of the Earth, including its rocks, minerals, structures, and processes.
Mineralogy: Study of minerals, including their properties, classification, and uses.
Petrology: Study of rocks, including their formation, composition, and classification.
Geomorphology: Study of landforms, including their formation, evolution, and classification.
Structural geology: Study of the structures of rocks and the deformation processes that create them.
Sedimentology: Study of sedimentary rocks, including their formation, composition, and significance.
Stratigraphy: Study of the layers (strata) of sedimentary rocks and their relationships to each other.
Paleontology: Study of the fossils of plants and animals, including their evolution and distribution through time.
Geochemistry: Study of the chemistry of Earth, including the composition of rocks and the processes that create and alter them.
Geophysics: Study of the physical properties of Earth, including its gravity, magnetic field, seismic waves, and heat flow.
Geodynamics: Study of the physical processes that drive the Earth's tectonic plates and shape the planet's surface.
Hydrogeology: Study of the occurrence and movement of groundwater, including its interaction with rocks and soils.
Environmental geology: Study of the interactions between human activities and the natural environment, including the impacts of pollution and climate change.
Economic geology: Study of the Earth's natural resources, including minerals, oil and gas, coal, and groundwater.
Petrology: Study of the origin, composition, structure, and alteration of rocks.
Mineralogy: Study of minerals, their physical and chemical properties, formation, and distribution.
Sedimentology: Study of sediments, sedimentary rocks, and depositional environments.
Structural Geology: Study of the deformation of rocks and geological structures.
Stratigraphy: Study of the layering and sequence of rocks, their chronological order, and geological history.
Volcanology: Study of volcanic phenomena, including the formation, distribution, and eruptive behavior of volcanoes.
Glaciology: Study of glaciers, their formation, movement, and the impact of ice and snow on the environment.
Geochemistry: Study of the chemical processes that occur in the Earth and the distribution of elements and isotopes within the Earth's crust.
Geophysics: Study of the physical properties of the Earth and its environment and their relationship to geological phenomena.
Paleontology: Study of fossils, including the classification, distribution, and evolutionary history of life on Earth.
"Geology describes the structure of the Earth on and beneath its surface and the processes that have shaped that structure."
"Geologists study the mineralogical composition of rocks in order to get insight into their history of formation."
"Geology determines the relative ages of rocks found at a given location; geochemistry (a branch of geology) determines their absolute ages."
"By combining various petrological, crystallographic, and paleontological tools, geologists are able to chronicle the geological history of the Earth as a whole."
"Geology provides evidence for plate tectonics."
"Geology provides insights into past climate change."
"Geologists use a wide variety of methods to understand the Earth's structure and evolution, including fieldwork, rock description, geophysical techniques, chemical analysis, physical experiments, and numerical modeling."
"In practical terms, geology is important for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation, evaluating water resources, understanding natural hazards, remediating environmental problems."
"Geology is central to geological engineering and plays an important role in geotechnical engineering."
"Geology (from Ancient Greek γῆ (gê) 'earth', and λoγία (-logía) 'study of, discourse')"
"Modern geology significantly overlaps all other Earth sciences, including hydrology. It is integrated with Earth system science and planetary science."
"One aspect is to demonstrate the age of the Earth."
"Geologists study the evolutionary history of life."
"Geology is important for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation."
"Geologists use fieldwork, rock description, geophysical techniques, chemical analysis, physical experiments, and numerical modeling to understand the Earth's structure."
"Geology is important for evaluating water resources."
"Geology is important for understanding natural hazards."
"Geology plays a role in remediating environmental problems."
"Geology is integrated with Earth system science and planetary science."