The tools, techniques, and methods used in geology.
Stratigraphy: The study of rock layers and their formation over time.
Paleontology: The study of fossils and their evolution over time.
Geomorphology: The study of the physical features of the earth's surface, including mountains, valleys, and other landforms.
Sedimentology: The study of sedimentary rocks and how they are formed.
Mineralogy: The study of minerals and their properties, including their chemical composition and crystal structure.
Petrology: The study of rocks and their formation, including their origin, composition, and texture.
Geochemistry: The study of the chemical composition of rocks and minerals, and how they interact with the environment.
Geophysics: The study of the physical properties of the earth, including its magnetic field and gravity.
Structural geology: The study of the deformation of rocks, including faults and folds.
Paleomagnetism: The study of the earth's magnetic field, and how it has changed over time.
Geochronology: The study of the age of rocks and minerals, and how they were formed.
Stratigraphic correlation: The study of the relationships between different rock layers and formations, and how they can be dated and correlated.
Geobiology: The study of the interactions between the earth and living organisms, including the evolution of life and its impact on the environment.
Geoarchaeology: The study of the relationship between human activities and the geological environment.
Geostatistics: The study of the statistical properties of geological data, including mineral grades and ore reserves.
Rock hammers: Used to break rocks and collect samples for analysis.
Hand lenses: Used to magnify small features on rocks and fossils.
Chisels: Used to remove small portions of rocks for analysis.
Trowels: Used to dig and collect samples.
GPS: Used to accurately locate a sampling or study site.
Core drills: Used to extract samples of rock or sediment from deep beneath the surface.
X-ray diffraction: Used to identify the mineralogical composition of solid materials.
Scanning electron microscope: Used to examine the surface structure of minerals and fossils in high detail.
Thin section microscope: Used to examine thin slices of rock or mineral under a microscope.
Petrographic microscope: Used to analyze the mineral composition and texture of rocks.
Seismic reflection: Used to create images of the subsurface structure of the earth.
Magnetic susceptibility meters: Used to measure the magnetic properties of rocks and minerals.
Ground penetrating radar: Used to create images of the subsurface structure of the earth.
X-ray fluorescence: Used to identify the chemical composition of rocks and minerals.
Spectrometers: Used to analyze the chemical composition of rocks and soils in remote sensing studies.