"A chemical composition specifies the identity, arrangement, and ratio of the chemical elements making up a compound by way of chemical and atomic bonds."
This includes understanding the different chemical compounds that make up an ingredient and how they interact with other ingredients in recipes.
Elements: The basic building blocks of matter, each with its own unique properties.
Atomic structure: The arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom.
Chemical bonding: The attraction between atoms that allows them to form compounds.
Periodic table: A table that organizes all known elements into groups based on their properties.
Molecules: The simplest unit of a compound that retains its chemical properties.
Chemical reactions: The process by which two or more substances combine to form a new substance with different properties.
Stoichiometry: The study of the quantitative relationships between reactants and products in a chemical reaction.
Solutions: A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
Acids and bases: Substances that produce hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions in water.
Oxidation-reduction reactions: A reaction where there is a transfer of electrons between two substances.
Chemical equilibrium: The state in which the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction.
Organic chemistry: The study of compounds containing carbon.
Biochemistry: The study of chemical processes in living organisms.
Polymer chemistry: The study of long-chain molecules that are made up of many repeating units.
Quantum chemistry: The application of quantum mechanics to the study of chemical systems.
Nuclear chemistry: The study of the properties and behavior of atomic nuclei.
Organic compounds: They are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and other elements like oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus. They are found in living organisms and have a wide range of applications in various industries.
Inorganic compounds: They are made up of all elements other than carbon and hydrogen. They are commonly found in non-living things like rocks, minerals, and salts.
Ionic compounds: They are made up of positively and negatively charged ions. They have a crystalline structure and are usually solids at room temperature. They are commonly found in salts like sodium chloride and calcium carbonate.
Covalent compounds: They are made up of atoms that share electrons to form bonds. They can be solids, liquids, or gases at room temperature. They are commonly found in organic and inorganic substances.
Polymers: They are large molecules made up of repeating subunits called monomers. They have a wide range of applications in industries like plastics, textiles, and medicine.
Acids and bases: They are chemicals that can donate or accept hydrogen ions. Acids have a pH less than 7 while bases have a pH greater than 7.
Alloys: They are mixtures of metals and non-metals that have improved properties like strength, hardness, and corrosion resistance. They have a wide range of applications in industries like aerospace, construction, and electronics.
"Chemical formulas can be used to describe the relative amounts of elements present in a compound."
"The chemical formula for water is H2O: this means that each molecule of water is constituted by 2 atoms of hydrogen (H) and 1 atom of oxygen (O)."
"The chemical composition of water may be interpreted as a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms."
"Different types of chemical formulas are used to convey composition information, such as an empirical or molecular formula."
"Nomenclature can be used to express not only the elements present in a compound but their arrangement within the molecules of the compound."
"In this way, compounds will have unique names which can describe their elemental composition."