"Paralanguage, also known as vocalics, is a component of meta-communication that may modify meaning, give nuanced meaning, or convey emotion."
This type of communication involves nonverbal communication such as tone, pitch, volume, and speed of speech.
Tone of voice: Tone of voice refers to the quality of voice that conveys emotions or attitudes of the speaker.
Pitch: Pitch refers to the highness or lowness of the voice and is used in paralinguistic communication to indicate emphasis or meaning.
Inflection: Inflection refers to the change in pitch or tone that occurs in speech and is used to convey meaning or to express emotions.
Accent: Accent refers to the distinctive way in which words are pronounced and is used in paralinguistic communication to indicate cultural or regional backgrounds.
Volume: Volume refers to the loudness or softness of the voice and is used in paralinguistic communication to indicate emphasis or mood.
Pace: Pace refers to the speed at which words are spoken and is used in paralinguistic communication to convey excitement, urgency, or boredom.
Silence: Silence refers to the absence of speech and is used in paralinguistic communication to convey agreement, disagreement, or confusion.
Body language: Body language refers to the nonverbal communication that accompanies speech and includes gestures, facial expressions, and postures.
Eye contact: Eye contact refers to the direct gaze between people and is used in paralinguistic communication to indicate interest, honesty, or attentiveness.
Emotional expression: Emotional expression refers to the way in which emotions are conveyed through facial expressions, tone of voice, and body language.
"It uses techniques such as prosody, pitch, volume, intonation, etc."
"Paralanguage may be expressed consciously or unconsciously."
"The study of paralanguage is known as paralinguistics and was invented by George L. Trager in the 1950s."
"His colleagues at the time included Henry Lee Smith, Charles F. Hockett, Edward T. Hall, and Ray Birdwhistell."
"While he was working at the Foreign Service Institute of the U.S. Department of State."
"Trager published his conclusions in 1958, 1960, and 1961."
"Since paralanguage is learned, it differs by language and culture."
"A good example is the work of John J. Gumperz on language and social identity, which specifically describes paralinguistic differences between participants in intercultural interactions."
"The film Gumperz made for BBC in 1982, Multiracial Britain: Cross talk, does a particularly good job of demonstrating cultural differences in paralanguage and their impact on relationships."
"Paralinguistic information belongs to the external speech signal."
"Even vocal language has some paralinguistic as well as linguistic properties."
"Even vocal language has some paralinguistic as well as linguistic properties that can be seen (lip reading, McGurk effect)."
"Even felt, e.g. by the Tadoma method."
"It is sometimes defined as relating to nonphonemic properties only."
"Paralanguage, also known as vocalics, is a component of meta-communication that may modify meaning, give nuanced meaning, or convey emotion."
"The study of paralanguage is known as paralinguistics and was invented by George L. Trager in the 1950s."
"A good example is the work of John J. Gumperz on language and social identity, which specifically describes paralinguistic differences between participants in intercultural interactions."
"There is evidence of notable paralinguistic variation even within the same language or culture."
"The film Gumperz made for BBC in 1982, Multiracial Britain: Cross talk, does a particularly good job of demonstrating cultural differences in paralanguage and their impact on relationships."