Quote: "Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text."
The study of the different ways languages are used by individuals and cultures, and the challenges and opportunities posed by the process of translating between languages.
Linguistics: The science of language, including its structure, meaning, and use.
Phonetics: The study of speech sounds and their production, transmission, and perception.
Phonology: The study of the sound patterns of a language, including the rules governing the combination and distribution of phonemes.
Morphology: The study of the internal structure of words, including morphemes, prefixes, and suffixes.
Syntax: The study of the rules governing the construction of sentences in a language.
Semantics: The study of meaning in language, including the relationship between words and the things they refer to.
Pragmatics: The study of how context affects the interpretation of language, including the social and cultural factors that influence communication.
Translation theory: The study of the principles and methods of translating text from one language to another.
Interpreting: The process of translating spoken language in real-time, typically in a consecutive or simultaneous manner.
Machine translation: The use of computer algorithms to translate text between languages.
Terminology management: The development and maintenance of a consistent and reliable set of terms across different languages and domains.
Cultural translation: The process of adapting texts and communication styles to different cultural contexts.
Language and technology: The use of technology to facilitate communication across different languages and cultures, including tools like translation software and online translation services.
Language acquisition: The process of learning a second or foreign language, including the cognitive, social, and cultural factors involved.
Bilingualism and multilingualism: The study of individuals and communities who use more than one language in their daily lives.
Sign language: The study of visual and gestural systems of communication, including the grammatical and syntactic rules of sign languages.
Language policy: The study of government and institutional policies related to the use and promotion of different languages.
Language and society: The study of the role of language in shaping social relations and cultural practices.
Cross-cultural communication: The study of the challenges and strategies involved in communicating across different cultures.
Globalization and language: The study of the impact of globalization on language use and communication practices around the world.
Literal translation: This involves transferring words and phrases from one language to another without any change. It is typically used when words have equivalent meanings in both languages.
Cultural adaptation: This involves translating language and text to appeal to a specific culture with a focus on making the message easy to understand and resonating with the audience.
Artistic translation: This includes literary translation, poetry and Theatre. The focus is not just conveying a message but ensuring that the original artistic work is represented in the target language in terms of creative expression and style.
Software/website translation: This involves translating content from the original language of a software or website into the target language.
Lateral translation: This involves translating ideas and concepts that do not have an equivalent vocabulary in the target language.
Technical translation: This involves translating technical manuals and documents, focusing on specialized terminology and accuracy.
Audiovisual translation: This includes subtitling, voice-over and dubbing of movies. The emphasis is on accuracy, creativity and effective interpretation of the original dialogue.
Machine translation: This involves using software to automatically translate text from one language to another. This process is faster, cheaper and efficient but does not take into account tone, context and cultural implication.
Medical translation: This involves the translation of medical documents, pharmaceutical documents, and related laws and regulations.
Legal translation: This requires the translation of legal documents like contracts, patents, and other legal texts. It is focused on technical language and ensuring correct interpretation of laws and regulations.
Financial and Economic translation: This involves translating financial statements and transactions for businesses and international organisations.
Quote: "The English language draws a terminological distinction between translating (a written text) and interpreting (oral or signed communication between users of different languages)."
Quote: "which does not exist in every language"
Quote: "translation can begin only after the appearance of writing within a language community."
Quote: "A translator always risks inadvertently introducing source-language words, grammar, or syntax into the target-language rendering."
Quote: "such 'spill-overs' have sometimes imported useful source-language calques and loanwords that have enriched target languages."
Quote: "Translators, including early translators of sacred texts, have helped shape the very languages into which they have translated."
Quote: "since the 1940s efforts have been made, with varying degrees of success, to automate translation or to mechanically aid the human translator."
Quote: "the rise of the Internet has fostered a world-wide market for translation services and has facilitated 'language localisation'."
Quote: "A translator always risks inadvertently introducing source-language words, grammar, or syntax into the target-language rendering."
Quote: "Translators, including early translators of sacred texts, have helped shape the very languages into which they have translated."
Quote: "A translator always risks inadvertently introducing source-language words, grammar, or syntax into the target-language rendering."
Quote: "such 'spill-overs' have sometimes imported useful source-language calques and loanwords that have enriched target languages."
Quote: "since the 1940s efforts have been made, with varying degrees of success, to automate translation or to mechanically aid the human translator."
Quote: "the rise of the Internet has fostered a world-wide market for translation services and has facilitated 'language localisation'."
Quote: "interpreting (oral or signed communication between users of different languages)"
Quote: "The English language draws a terminological distinction between translating (a written text) and interpreting (oral or signed communication between users of different languages)."
Quote: "A translator always risks inadvertently introducing source-language words, grammar, or syntax into the target-language rendering."
Quote: "since the 1940s efforts have been made, with varying degrees of success, to automate translation or to mechanically aid the human translator."
Quote: "the rise of the Internet has fostered a world-wide market for translation services and has facilitated 'language localisation'."