Quote: "It was established as in anthropological research by Franz Boas in the first few decades of the 20th century and later popularized by his students."
An examination of the different values and norms that exist in different cultures and how they impact communication and behavior.
Culture: Understanding what culture is and the various elements that define it, including language, beliefs, values, customs, practices, and artifacts.
Intercultural Communication: Understanding the challenges and opportunities that arise when communication occurs between members of different cultures.
Stereotypes: Understanding the dangers and limitations of stereotypes and how they impact intercultural communication.
Prejudice and Discrimination: Understanding the negative impact of prejudice and discrimination on intercultural communication.
Cultural Competence: Developing the knowledge, understanding, and skill required to communicate effectively and appropriately with members of other cultures.
Ethnocentrism: Understanding the tendency to view one's own culture as superior and how it can impede effective intercultural communication.
Cultural Shock: Understanding the psychological and physiological effects of culture shock and effective strategies for coping with it.
Cultural Awareness: Understanding one's own culture and how it influences interactions with members of other cultures.
Cultural Differences: Understanding the wide range of cultural differences that exist between cultures and their impact on communication.
Cross-Cultural Adaptation: Understanding how to adapt to new cultures and effectively integrate into a new cultural environment.
Communication Styles: Understanding how communication styles vary across cultures and their impact on intercultural communication.
High and Low Context Cultures: Understanding the differences between high context cultures, where context is important, and low context cultures, where explicit communication is valued.
Cultural Norms: Understanding the unwritten rules and expectations of behavior that exist within a culture and their impact on intercultural communication.
Power and Authority: Understanding how power and authority are distributed in different cultures and their impact on communication.
Nonverbal Communication: Understanding how nonverbal communication varies across cultures and its impact on intercultural communication.
Globalization: Understanding the impact of globalization on culture and intercultural communication.
Diversity and Inclusion: Understanding the importance of diversity and inclusion in intercultural communication and the challenges of achieving these goals.
International Business: Understanding the challenges and opportunities of doing business across cultures and the importance of cultural values in international business.
Individualism vs Collectivism: This refers to the degree to which cultures encourage individuality or group harmony. Individualistic cultures value independence, autonomy, and self-reliance, whereas collectivistic cultures prioritize group cohesion, interdependence, and community-oriented thinking.
Power Distance: This refers to the extent to which cultures accept and expect unequal power distributions. High power distance cultures tend to have strong hierarchies, centralized authority, and respect for authority figures, while low power distance cultures tend to value equality, consensus, and participatory decision-making.
Masculinity vs Femininity: This refers to the extent to which cultures prioritize traditional masculine traits such as assertiveness, competitiveness, and achievement, or traditional feminine traits such as caring, nurturance, and quality of life.
Uncertainty Avoidance: This refers to the degree to which cultures embrace or avoid ambiguity and uncertainty. High uncertainty avoidance cultures tend to have rigid rules, structures, and traditions, while low uncertainty avoidance cultures tend to be more flexible, informal, and open to change.
Long-term vs Short-term Orientation: This refers to the extent to which cultures value long-term planning and delayed gratification, as opposed to short-term goals and immediate satisfaction.
Honesty vs Face-saving: This refers to the importance cultures place on honesty and openness versus the desire to maintain face and avoid embarrassment.
Time Orientation: This refers to the different ways in which cultures view time, such as past or present-oriented, punctual or flexible, and monochronic or polychronic.
Indulgence vs Restraint: This refers to the extent to which cultures value self-expression, happiness, and pleasure, versus self-control, prudence, and moderation.
Quote: "Cultural relativism is the idea that a person's beliefs and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture."
Quote: "Proponents of cultural relativism also tend to argue that the norms and values of one culture should not be evaluated using the norms and values of another."
Quote: "Boas first articulated the idea [of cultural relativism] in 1887."
Quote: "The first use of the term [cultural relativism] recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary was by philosopher and social theorist Alain Locke in 1924."
Quote: "The term [cultural relativism] was used to describe Robert Lowie's 'extreme cultural relativism', found in the latter's 1917 book Culture and Ethnology."
Quote: "The term became common among anthropologists after Boas' death in 1942."
Quote: "Boas believed that the sweep of cultures, to be found in connection with any subspecies, is so vast and pervasive that there cannot be a relationship between culture and race."
Quote: "Cultural relativism involves specific epistemological and methodological claims."
Quote: "Whether or not these claims necessitate a specific ethical stance is a matter of debate."
Quote: "The popularization of cultural relativism after World War II was somehow a reaction to such historical events as Nazism, and to colonialism, ethnocentrism, and racism more generally."
Quote: "Boas first articulated the idea in 1887: 'civilization is not something absolute, but ... is relative, and ... our ideas and conceptions are true only so far as our civilization goes'."
Quote: "Boas first articulated the idea in 1887: 'civilization is not something absolute, but ... is relative, and ... our ideas and conceptions are true only so far as our civilization goes'."
Quote: None directly stated.
Quote: "The popularization of cultural relativism after World War II was somehow a reaction to such historical events as [...] colonialism, ethnocentrism, and racism more generally."
Quote: None directly stated.
Quote: None directly stated.
Quote: "Whether or not these claims necessitate a specific ethical stance is a matter of debate."
Quote: "The popularization of cultural relativism after World War II was somehow a reaction to... ethnocentrism and racism more generally."
Quote: None directly stated.