"The Roman Empire included territory around the Mediterranean in Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia."
Understanding of Roman culture, society, and politics.
Early history of Rome: The founding of Rome, the legendary history of Rome, and the early Monarchy.
The Roman Republic: The development of the Roman Republic and the crises it faced.
Roman Civilization: Social, economic, and cultural aspects of Roman civilization.
Roman religion: The religion of ancient Rome, gods, and festivals.
Roman Warfare: The Roman army, its tactics, and its successes.
The Late Republic and the civil wars: The fall of the Roman Republic, the crisis of Augustus and the Roman Empire.
Roman Empire: The organization of the Roman Empire, imperialism, and foreign policy.
Daily life in ancient Rome: Roman society, economy, food, and entertainment.
Roman Literature: The development of Latin literature, authors, and genres in Rome.
Roman Art: The artistic achievements of ancient Rome, including architecture, sculpture, painting, and decorative arts.
Roman Law: The legal system of ancient Rome, its development, and its significance.
Christianity and Rome: The rise of Christianity, its impact on Roman society, and the fall of the Roman Empire.
The Legacy of Rome: The lasting impact of ancient Rome on Western Civilization.
The Punic Wars: Wars between Rome and Carthage, including the Second Punic War with Hannibal.
Roman Engineering: The construction projects of ancient Rome, including aqueducts, roads, and public buildings.
Annals: Historical accounts presented in chronological order. They describe events that occurred year by year and are generally focused on political and military developments in Rome.
Biographies: Accounts of famous Roman figures, such as Julius Caesar or Augustus, and their lives and achievements.
Chronicles: Historical accounts that are arranged in chronological order, but tend to focus more on events and their significance than on individuals.
Epitomes: Condensed versions of historical accounts that contain only the most important events and details.
Histories: Broad narratives of Rome's history, covering various periods and significant events in detail.
Orations: Speeches delivered by various public figures that provide accounts of events and perspectives on Roman history.
Treatises: Detailed and structured works that cover specific events or subjects in Rome's history, such as a particular war or social development.
Memoirs: Personal accounts of individuals' experiences during periods of Roman history or specific events.
Mythical Histories: Accounts of the legendary and mythical origins of Rome and its founders.
Antiquaria: Studies of Rome's material culture, including artifacts, monuments, and structures.
Genealogies: Descriptions of the lineage and family trees of prominent Roman figures.
Topographical Accounts: Descriptions of the physical layout and development of Rome's geography and urban landscapes.
Monographs: Focused and detailed studies of specific aspects or events in Rome's history or culture.
Political and Legal Works: Works that examine and evaluate Roman law and politics, including legal codes, treatises on government, and speeches delivered in the Senate.
Ethnographies: Accounts of Rome's interactions with, and description of, non-Roman peoples and cultures.
"The adoption of Christianity as the state church in 380..."
"...the fall of the Western Roman Empire conventionally marks the end of classical antiquity and the beginning of the Middle Ages."
"Rome became severely destabilized in civil wars and political conflicts..."
"...the victory of Octavian over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC..."
"The Roman Senate granted Octavian overarching power (imperium) and the new title of Augustus..."
"The first two centuries of the Empire saw a period of unprecedented stability and prosperity known as the Pax Romana..."
"...a period of increasing trouble and decline began under Commodus..."
"In the 3rd century, the Empire underwent a crisis that threatened its existence..."
"It was reunified under Aurelian..."
"Christians rose to power in the 4th century following the Edict of Milan."
"The imperial seat moved from Rome to Byzantium in 330."
"The Migration Period, involving large invasions by Germanic peoples and by the Huns of Attila, led to the decline of the Western Roman Empire."
"Romulus Augustus in 476 by Odoacer..."
"The Eastern Roman Empire survived for another millennium..."
"...its institutions and culture had a lasting influence on the development of language, religion, art, architecture, literature, philosophy, law, and forms of government in its territories."
"Latin evolved into the Romance languages..."
"Roman and Greek art had a profound impact on the Italian Renaissance."
"Rome's architectural tradition served as the basis for Romanesque, Renaissance, and Neoclassical architecture, and influenced Islamic architecture."
"Many modern legal systems, such as the Napoleonic Code, descend from Roman law..."