- "A grammatical case is a category of nouns and noun modifiers (determiners, adjectives, participles, and numerals) which corresponds to one or more potential grammatical functions for a nominal group in a wording."
Learning the different forms and cases of nouns and how they are used in sentences.
Cases: The different cases that nouns can take, such as the nominative, accusative, and genitive.
Gender: The different genders that nouns can be classified into, such as masculine, feminine, and neuter.
Number: The different numbers that nouns can be classified into, such as singular and plural.
Declension tables: The tables that show the various forms that a noun can take in a given case, gender, and number.
First Declension: The declension of nouns that end in -a in the nominative singular, which are typically feminine.
Second Declension: The declension of nouns that end in -us in the nominative singular, which are typically masculine.
Third Declension: The declension of nouns that do not fit into the first or second declension patterns, which can be either masculine, feminine, or neuter.
Fourth Declension: The declension of nouns that end in -us in the nominative singular, which are typically masculine or neuter.
Fifth Declension: The declension of nouns that end in -es in the nominative singular, which are typically feminine.
Irregular Nouns: Nouns that do not follow the standard declension patterns, such as bonus (good), which declines irregularly.
First Declension: This is the declension for feminine singular nouns.
Second Declension: This is the declension for masculine singular and neuter plural nouns.
Third Declension: This is the declension for nouns of various genders, including masculine, feminine, and neuter.
Fourth Declension: This is the declension for primarily masculine singular nouns.
Fifth Declension: This is the declension for feminine singular nouns with a long vowel or diphthong in their stem.
Sixth Declension: This is the declension for nouns with both masculine and feminine forms, typically denoting agent nouns or instrument nouns.
Seventh Declension: This is the declension for nouns with both masculine and feminine forms, typically denoting time, place, or state.
Eighth Declension: This is the declension for nouns with both masculine and feminine forms, typically denoting a parent or ancestor.
Ninth Declension: This is the declension for nouns with both masculine and feminine forms, typically denoting a river.
Tenth Declension: This is the declension for nouns with both masculine and feminine forms, typically denoting a month or a god.
Eleventh Declension: This is the declension for neuter nouns that usually refer to speech or language.
Twelfth Declension: This is the declension for neuter nouns that refer to materials like marble, metal, and wood.
- "Languages such as Sanskrit, Kannada, Latin, Tamil, and Russian have extensive case systems, with nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and determiners all inflecting (usually by means of different suffixes) to indicate their case."
- "English has largely lost its inflected case system but personal pronouns still have three cases, which are simplified forms of the nominative, accusative (including functions formerly handled by the dative) and genitive cases."
- "Modern English has three but for pronouns only."
- "They are used with personal pronouns: subjective case (I, you, he, she, it, we, they, who, whoever), objective case (me, you, him, her, it, us, them, whom, whomever) and possessive case (my, mine; your, yours; his; her, hers; its; our, ours; their, theirs; whose; whoever)."
- "Forms such as I, he and we are used for the subject ('I kicked the ball')."
- "Forms such as me, him and us are used for the object ('John kicked me')."
- "As a language evolves, cases can merge, a phenomenon known as syncretism."
- "Bengali, Latin, Russian, Slovak, Kajkavian, Slovenian, and Turkish each have at least six."
- "A role that one of those languages marks by case is often marked in English with a preposition."
- "More formally, case has been defined as 'a system of marking dependent nouns for the type of relationship they bear to their heads.'"
- "Cases should be distinguished from thematic roles such as agent and patient."
- "Languages having cases often exhibit free word order, as thematic roles are not required to be marked by position in the sentence."
- "Commonly encountered cases include nominative, accusative, dative and genitive."
- "Armenian, Czech, Georgian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Polish, Serbian, Croatian, and Ukrainian have seven."
- "For example, the English prepositional phrase with (his) foot (as in 'John kicked the ball with his foot') might be rendered in Russian using a single noun in the instrumental case."
- "or in Ancient Greek as τῷ ποδί (tôi podí, meaning 'the foot') with both words (the definite article, and the noun πούς (poús) 'foot') changing to dative form."
- "In languages such as Latin, several thematic roles are realized by a somewhat fixed case for deponent verbs."
- "Languages such as Bengali, Latin, Russian, Slovak, Kajkavian, Slovenian, and Turkish each have at least six cases."
- "Hungarian has 18."