"In modern historiography, ancient Rome refers to Roman civilisation from the founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD."
Ancient political systems were dominated by powerful city-states and empires, each with its own unique governing structure and cultural identity.
Origin of City-states: This topic covers the emergence and evolution of city-states as political systems in ancient times.
Culture and Society: This topic includes the customs, rituals, social norms, and traditions of city-states and empires.
Political Structures: It encompasses the organization of politics, governance, and administration in ancient city-states and empires.
Art and Architecture: This topic covers the art and architecture of ancient city-states and empires, such as public buildings, city walls, temples, and palaces.
Technology and Trade: This topic includes the tools, technologies, and resources used by ancient city-states for trade and commerce.
Military Strategies: It covers the various military strategies and tactics used by ancient city-states and empires during warfare.
Religion and Beliefs: This topic encompasses the religious and spiritual beliefs, myths, and rituals of ancient city-states and empires.
Economic Structures: It talks about the economy of ancient city-states and empires, including agriculture, industry, and commerce.
Geography and Environment: This topic includes the physical geography and environmental factors that shaped the development of city-states and empires.
Famous City-states and Empires: It covers the most notable ancient city-states and empires in history, such as Athens, Sparta, Rome, and Persia.
Leadership and Governance: This topic encompasses the leadership styles and governance principles in ancient city-states and empires.
Conflict and Diplomacy: It covers the diplomatic relations, treaties, and conflicts that arose between different ancient city-states and empires.
Social Stratification: This topic includes the social hierarchy and class system of ancient city-states and empires.
Law and Justice: It covers the legal system and justice practices in ancient city-states and empires.
Decline and Fall: This topic talks about the factors that led to the decline and eventual downfall of ancient city-states and empires.
Monarchy: A system of government led by a monarch, who is usually a king or queen. This type of government was prevalent in ancient times in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Greece.
Democracy: A system of government where the entire population has a say in decision-making. This type of government was first developed in ancient Athens and was widely adopted by other city-states in Greece.
Oligarchy: A system of government where power is held by a small group of people. This type of government was common in ancient Greece, particularly in Sparta.
Theocracy: A system of government where the rulers are seen as having divine authority. This type of government was witnessed in ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Greece.
Dictatorship: A system of government where a single person has absolute power over the state. This type of government was often temporary and crisis-driven, particularly in Rome.
Empire: A state or group of states ruled by a single monarch, usually an emperor. This type of government was characterized by its vastness, its ability to assimilate different regions and people, and was prevalent in ancient Rome, China, and India.
Federation: A system of government where several distinct regions or states form a single entity with a centralized government. This type of government was exemplified by the Achaemenid Empire in Persia.
Confederation: A system of government where several distinct states or regions reside with much autonomy under a central authority. This type of government was prevalent in ancient Greece, for example, the Delian League.
Tribalism: A system of government where power is held by the leaders of clans or tribes. This type of government was prevalent in ancient Africa and the Americas.
Monasticism: A system of government where the rule is held by a monastic leader, such as an abbot or monk. This type of government was prevalent in medieval Europe, for example, in the Benedictine monasticism.
Feudalism: A system of government where the power is held by lords or knights, who owe their allegiance to a king or emperor. This type of government was prevalent in medieval Europe.
"It encompasses the Roman Kingdom (753–509 BC), Roman Republic (509–27 BC), and Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD) until the fall of the western empire."
"Ancient Rome began as an Italic settlement, traditionally dated to 753 BC, beside the River Tiber in the Italian Peninsula."
"...came to control its neighbours through a combination of treaties and military strength."
"It eventually controlled the Italian Peninsula, assimilated the Greek culture of southern Italy (Magna Grecia) and the Etruscan culture, becoming a dominant power in the Mediterranean region and parts of Europe."
"It was among the largest empires in the ancient world, with an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants, roughly 20% of the world's population at the time. It covered around 4 million square kilometres (1.5 million square miles) at its height in AD 117."
"The Roman state evolved from an elective monarchy to a democratic classical republic and then to an increasingly autocratic semi-elective military dictatorship during the Empire."
"Through conquest, cultural, and linguistic assimilation, at its height it controlled the North African coast, Egypt, Southern Europe, and most of Western Europe, the Balkans, Crimea, and much of the Middle East, including Anatolia, Levant, and parts of Mesopotamia and Arabia."
"It is often grouped into classical antiquity together with ancient Greece, and their similar cultures and societies are known as the Greco-Roman world."
"Ancient Roman civilisation has contributed to modern language, religion, society, technology, law, politics, government, warfare, art, literature, architecture, and engineering."
"Rome professionalised and expanded its military and created a system of government called res publica, the inspiration for modern republics such as the United States and France."
"It achieved impressive technological and architectural feats, such as the empire-wide construction of aqueducts and roads, as well as more grandiose monuments and facilities."
"...with an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants, roughly 20% of the world's population at the time."
"It covered around 4 million square kilometres (1.5 million square miles) at its height in AD 117."
"It assimilated the Greek culture of southern Italy (Magna Grecia) and the Etruscan culture, becoming a dominant power in the Mediterranean region and parts of Europe."
"...came to control its neighbours through a combination of treaties and military strength."
"The Roman state evolved from an elective monarchy to a democratic classical republic and then to an increasingly autocratic semi-elective military dictatorship during the Empire."
"Through conquest, cultural, and linguistic assimilation, at its height it controlled the North African coast, Egypt, Southern Europe, and most of Western Europe, the Balkans, Crimea, and much of the Middle East, including Anatolia, Levant, and parts of Mesopotamia and Arabia."
"Ancient Rome began as an Italic settlement, traditionally dated to 753 BC, beside the River Tiber in the Italian Peninsula."
"Ancient Roman civilisation has contributed to modern language, religion, society, technology, law, politics, government, warfare, art, literature, architecture, and engineering."