Understanding the concept of moles, Avogadro's number, and its significance in chemical calculations.
Chemical equations: They are the representation of chemical reactions in terms of reactants and products. They serve as a basis for stoichiometry calculations.
Balancing equations: It involves ensuring that the number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation is the same. Balanced equations are necessary for accurate stoichiometric calculations.
Molar mass: It is the mass of one mole of a substance. This term is important in determining the amount of a substance available or required for a chemical reaction.
The mole concept: The mole is a fundamental unit of measurement in chemistry. It is used to represent the amount of a substance in terms of the number of entities (atoms, molecules, or ions).
Avogadro's number: It represents the number of entities in one mole. It is used to convert between moles and the number of entities.
Stoichiometry: It is the calculation of the quantities of reactants and products involved in a chemical reaction based on the balanced chemical equation.
Limiting reagent: It is the reactant that is completely consumed in a reaction, limiting the amount of product that can be formed.
Excess reagent: It is the reactant that is left over after a reaction has occurred because it was not completely consumed.
Percent yield: It is the actual amount of product obtained divided by the theoretical amount of product that could be obtained.
Empirical and molecular formulas: They are formulas used to represent the composition of a compound. The empirical formula represents the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound, while the molecular formula specifies the actual numbers of atoms of each element in a molecule.
Empirical formula determination: Determination of the simplest whole number ratio of elements in a compound.
Molecular formula determination: Determination of the actual formula of a compound based on its molecular weight and empirical formula.
Limiting reagent calculation: Calculation of the amount of product that can be formed based on the amount of limiting reagent present in a chemical reaction.
Percent yield calculation: Calculation of the actual amount of product formed in a chemical reaction compared to the theoretical amount based on stoichiometry.
Calculations involving gas stoichiometry: Calculation of the amount of reactants or products involved in a chemical reaction that produces or consumes gases.
Concentration calculations: Calculation of the amount of solute present in a solution based on its concentration or the amount of solution required to achieve a certain concentration.
Titration calculations: Calculation of the concentration of a solution based on its reaction with a known reagent of known concentration.
Redox stoichiometry: Calculation of the amount of oxidizing or reducing agent required in a reaction based on the stoichiometry of the reaction.
Thermochemical stoichiometry: Calculation of the energy change in a chemical reaction based on the stoichiometry of the reaction.
Stoichiometry involving acid-base reactions: Calculation of the amount of acid or base required to neutralize a certain amount of another acid or base.