Understanding the different types of isomerism (structural, stereoisomerism) and their importance in organic chemistry.
Structural isomerism: It refers to the compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangement of atoms.
Stereoisomerism: It refers to the compounds that have the same molecular formula, same structural formula, but have different spatial arrangements of atoms.
Conformational isomerism: It refers to the rotation of groups around single bonds in a molecule.
Geometric isomerism: It refers to the isomers that arise due to restricted rotation about a double bond or a ring.
Optical isomerism: It refers to the isomers that differ in the way they rotate plane-polarized light.
Enantiomers: It refers to the stereoisomers of a molecule that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other.
Diastereomers: It refers to the stereoisomers of a molecule that are not mirror images of each other.
Cis-trans isomerism: It refers to the stereoisomers of a molecule that differ in their spatial orientation around a double bond or cyclic compounds.
Chiral centers: It refers to the carbon atoms in a molecule that have four different substituents attached to them.
Racemic mixture: It refers to a mixture of equal amounts of two enantiomers.
Configuration and conformation: The spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule is referred to as its configuration, while the different arrangements of atoms that can be achieved by rotation about a single bond are referred to as its conformations.
E/Z isomerism: It refers to the stereoisomers of a molecule that differ in the priority groups attached to a double bond.
Tautomerism: It refers to the isomers that differ in the position of a hydrogen atom and a double bond.
Constitutional isomerism: It refers to the compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the connectivity or the sequence of atoms.
Regioisomerism: It refers to the isomers that differ in the way the atoms are bonded to a specific part of a molecule.
Structural Isomerism: This occurs when compounds have the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms.
Stereoisomerism: This occurs when compounds have the same molecular formula and the same arrangement of atoms, but differ in spatial orientation.
Geometric Isomerism: This is a type of stereoisomerism that arises when compounds have the same molecular formula and the same arrangement of atoms, but differ in the relative positions of substituents around a double bond or a ring.
Optical Isomerism: This is another type of stereoisomerism that arises when compounds have the same molecular formula and the same arrangement of atoms, but differ in their ability to rotate plane-polarized light.
Conformational Isomerism: This occurs when compounds have the same molecular formula and the same arrangement of atoms, but differ in their rotation about single bonds.
Tautomerism: This occurs when compounds have the same molecular formula but differ in their functional group arrangement due to the migration of a hydrogen atom in the molecule.
Positional Isomerism: This is a type of structural isomerism that arises when compounds have the same molecular formula but differ in the position of a functional group or substituent group in the molecule.
Chain Isomerism: This is a type of structural isomerism that arises when compounds have the same molecular formula but differ in the length or branching of the carbon chain.
Functional Group Isomerism: This occurs when compounds have the same molecular formula but differ in the functional group present in the molecule.
Metamerism: This occurs when compounds have the same molecular formula and the same type of functional group, but differ in the alkyl groups attached to the functional group.
Ring Chain Isomerism: This occurs when compounds have the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangement of the ring or chain in the molecule.
Coordinative Isomerism: This occurs in coordination compounds wherein the same metal ion can bind to the same ligands in different ways.
Ionization Isomerism: This occurs in coordination compounds wherein the same metal ion is bonded to two different ligands that can undergo ionization to give two different ions.
Ligand Isomerism: This occurs in coordination compounds wherein the same metal ion is bonded to two different ligands with the same formula but different binding sites.
Pseudomerism: This is a type of optical isomerism that arises in meso compounds that have an internal plane of symmetry, making them optically inactive.