A chemical substance that can donate protons (hydrogen ions) and a chemical substance that can accept protons, respectively.
Properties of acids and bases: This topic introduces the basic characteristics of acids and bases, and helps you understand their different properties such as acidity, pH, reactivity, and conjugate acid-base pairs.
pH scale and calculations: This topic explains the pH scale, and how to calculate the pH of a solution containing an acid or a base.
Acid-base reactions and equilibrium: This topic covers the concept of acid-base reactions and the equilibrium between the acid and base forms of a compound in solution.
Strength of acids and bases: This topic explains the difference between strong and weak acids and bases, and how their relative strengths affect their reactivity and the equilibrium between the acid and base forms.
Acid-base titrations: This topic covers the experimental method used to determine the concentration of an acid or a base in a solution by adding a titrant until a neutralization reaction occurs.
Buffer solutions: This topic explains how buffer solutions resist changes in pH when small amounts of acids or bases are added or removed.
Lewis acid-base theory: This topic introduces the Lewis acid-base theory, which includes compounds that do not contain hydrogen ions.
Acid rain: This topic covers the causes and effects of acid rain, which is a form of environmental pollution caused by acidic emissions from human activities.
Applications of acids and bases: This topic describes the many practical applications of acids and bases in industry, healthcare, and everyday life.
Acid and base catalysis: This topic explains how acids and bases can act as catalysts in chemical reactions, by facilitating the breaking and forming of chemical bonds.
Acid-base indicators: This topic covers the use of acid-base indicators to detect the presence of an acid or a base in a solution, based on their ability to change color as the pH changes.
Acid-base extraction: This topic explains how acid-base extraction can be used to separate and purify compounds based on their acid-base properties.
Acid-base equilibria in biological systems: This topic covers the role of acid-base equilibria in biological systems, including the buffering of pH in blood and other bodily fluids.
Common acids and bases: This topic introduces the most common acids and bases, their properties, and their uses, including hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, ammonia, and sodium hydroxide.
Acid-base theory in organic chemistry: This topic explains the role of acid-base theory in organic chemistry, and how it is used to predict the reactivity and selectivity of organic reactions.
Hydrochloric Acid: This is a strong acid that is used in a wide range of industrial applications, including the production of PVC, the refining of metal ores, and the processing of food.
Sulfuric Acid: Another strong acid that is used in various applications, such as manufacturing fertilizers, detergents, and dyes.
Nitric Acid: This acid is used to make fertilizers, explosives and other chemicals.
Phosphoric Acid: Phosphoric acid is used in rust inhibitors, dental cements, and food products.
Formic Acid: This acid is commonly used in dyeing fabrics and tanning leather.
Acetic Acid: Also known as vinegar, acetic acid is used in the manufacture of dyes, synthetic fibers, and plastics.
Carbonic Acid: Carbonic acid is found in soft drinks, beer and other carbonated beverages.
Hydrofluoric Acid: This strong acid is used to etch glass and metal, as well as in the production of semiconductors.
Boric Acid: Used as an antiseptic and in the manufacture of some cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.
Sodium Hydroxide: This is a strong base that is used in the production of soap, paper, and many other chemicals.
Potassium Hydroxide: This base is used to make soaps, detergents, and pharmaceuticals.
Calcium Hydroxide: This base is used in the manufacture of construction materials, such as cement and plaster.
Ammonia: Ammonia is used in the manufacture of fertilizers, plastics and explosives.
Magnesium Hydroxide: This base is used in the production of antacids and laxatives.
Aluminum Hydroxide: This base is used in the production of antacids and to make aluminum.
Barium Hydroxide: A strong base with a wide use in industry for purification and treatment of gases and lubricating oil.
Lithium Hydroxide: This is a white solid that is used in the manufacture of grease, in batteries, and as a catalyst.
Zinc Hydroxide: This base is used in the manufacture of latex rubber and other compounds.