"Chemical reactions encompass changes that only involve the positions of electrons in the forming and breaking of chemical bonds between atoms, with no change to the nuclei."
The starting substances in a chemical reaction.
Chemical equations: An overview of chemical equations and how to balance them.
Stoichiometry: The mathematical calculation of reactants and products in a chemical reaction.
Types of reactions: An overview of different types of chemical reactions, such as synthesis, decomposition, and single replacement.
Laws of conservation of mass and energy: Understanding the principles of the conservation of mass and energy in chemical reactions.
Activation energy: An introduction to activation energy, the energy required to start a chemical reaction.
Catalysts: The role of catalysts in chemical reactions, and how they affect the reaction rate.
Reaction rates: The factors that affect the rate of a chemical reaction, such as temperature, concentration, and surface area.
Endergonic and exergonic reactions: An explanation of endergonic and exergonic reactions and how they differ.
Equilibrium: Understanding chemical equilibrium and how to calculate equilibrium constants.
Redox reactions: An overview of redox reactions, in which electrons are transferred between reactants.
pH and acids/bases: An introduction to pH and the properties of acids and bases.
Organic reactions: An overview of organic reactions, including substitution, addition, and elimination reactions.
Reaction mechanisms: An explanation of reaction mechanisms, the step-by-step processes that occur during a chemical reaction.
Inorganic reactions: An overview of inorganic reactions, including reactions involving metals and non-metals.
Polymerization: An introduction to polymerization, the process of combining monomers to form polymers.
Combination: A reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a single product. The general form of a combination reaction is A + B → AB.
Decomposition: A reaction in which a single substance breaks down into two or more simpler substances. The general form of a decomposition reaction is AB → A + B.
Single-displacement: A reaction in which an element displaces or replaces another element in a compound. The general form of a single-displacement reaction is A + BC → B + AC.
Double-displacement: A reaction in which two compounds exchange their ions with each other. The general form of a double-displacement reaction is AB + CD → AD + BC.
Acid-base: A reaction in which an acid reacts with a base to produce a salt and water. The general form of an acid-base reaction is HA + BOH → H2O + BA.
Redox: A reaction in which there is a transfer of electrons between two elements or compounds. The general form of a redox reaction is A + B → A+ + B- and A- + B → A + B+.
Combustion: A reaction in which a substance reacts with oxygen to produce energy in the form of heat and light. The general form of a combustion reaction is fuel + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy.
Photochemical: A reaction in which light energy is used to break or form chemical bonds. The general form of a photochemical reaction is A + light → B + C.
Nuclear: A reaction in which the nucleus of an atom undergoes a change, resulting in the formation of a different element or isotope. The general form of a nuclear reaction is A → B + radiation.
Polymerization: A reaction in which small molecules combine to form a larger molecule called a polymer. The general form of a polymerization reaction is nA → A(n).
"Nuclear chemistry is a sub-discipline of chemistry that involves the chemical reactions of unstable and radioactive elements where both electronic and nuclear changes can occur."
"The substance (or substances) initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants or reagents."
"Chemical reactions yield one or more products, which usually have properties different from the reactants."
"Reactions often consist of a sequence of individual sub-steps, the so-called elementary reactions, and the information on the precise course of action is part of the reaction mechanism."
"Chemical reactions are described with chemical equations, which symbolically present the starting materials, end products, and sometimes intermediate products and reaction conditions."
"Typically, reaction rates increase with increasing temperature because there is more thermal energy available to reach the activation energy necessary for breaking bonds between atoms."
"A reaction may be classified as redox in which oxidation and reduction occur or non-redox in which there is no oxidation and reduction occurring."
"Most simple redox reactions may be classified as a combination, decomposition, or single displacement reaction."
"Different chemical reactions are used during chemical synthesis in order to obtain the desired product."
"In biochemistry, a consecutive series of chemical reactions form metabolic pathways, where the product of one reaction is the reactant of the next reaction."
"These reactions are often catalyzed by protein enzymes. Enzymes increase the rates of biochemical reactions."
"Metabolic syntheses and decompositions impossible under ordinary conditions can occur at the temperature and concentrations present within a cell."
"The general concept of a chemical reaction has been extended to reactions between entities smaller than atoms, including nuclear reactions, radioactive decays, and reactions between elementary particles."
"Nuclear chemistry involves the chemical reactions of unstable and radioactive elements where both electronic and nuclear changes can occur."
"Chemical equations symbolically present the starting materials, end products, and sometimes intermediate products and reaction conditions."
"Chemical reactions encompass changes that only involve the positions of electrons in the forming and breaking of chemical bonds between atoms, with no change to the nuclei."
"Reaction rates increase with increasing temperature because there is more thermal energy available to reach the activation energy necessary for breaking bonds between atoms."
"A reaction may be classified as redox in which oxidation and reduction occur or non-redox in which there is no oxidation and reduction occurring."
"Reactions often consist of a sequence of individual sub-steps, the so-called elementary reactions, and the information on the precise course of action is part of the reaction mechanism."