Hydrogen bonding

A strong dipole-dipole interaction in which a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom is attracted to a lone pair of electrons on another electronegative atom.

What is a hydrogen bond?

- "In chemistry, a hydrogen bond (or H-bond) is a primarily electrostatic force of attraction between a hydrogen (H) atom which is covalently bound to a more electronegative 'donor' atom or group (Dn), and another electronegative atom bearing a lone pair of electrons."

What are the donor and acceptor atoms in a hydrogen bond?

- "The most frequent donor and acceptor atoms are the period 2 elements nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), and fluorine (F)."

How can hydrogen bonds occur?

- "Hydrogen bonds can be intermolecular (occurring between separate molecules) or intramolecular (occurring among parts of the same molecule)."

What factors affect the energy of a hydrogen bond?

- "The energy of a hydrogen bond depends on the geometry, the environment, and the nature of the specific donor and acceptor atoms."

How does the strength of hydrogen bonds compare to other types of bonds?

- "This makes them somewhat stronger than a van der Waals interaction, and weaker than fully covalent or ionic bonds."

What are some examples of molecules where hydrogen bonds occur?

- "This type of bond can occur in inorganic molecules such as water and in organic molecules like DNA and proteins."

What role do hydrogen bonds play in materials like paper and felted wool?

- "Hydrogen bonds are responsible for holding materials such as paper and felted wool together."

How do hydrogen bonds contribute to the sticking of wet paper?

- "Hydrogen bonds are responsible for causing separate sheets of paper to stick together after becoming wet and subsequently drying."

How do hydrogen bonds affect the boiling point of water?

- "In particular, intermolecular hydrogen bonding is responsible for the high boiling point of water (100 °C) compared to the other group-16 hydrides that have much weaker hydrogen bonds."

What is the role of hydrogen bonds in the structures of proteins and nucleic acids?

- "Intramolecular hydrogen bonding is partly responsible for the secondary and tertiary structures of proteins and nucleic acids."

What is denoted by Dn−H···Ac in the context of a hydrogen bond?

- "Such an interacting system is generally denoted Dn−H···Ac, where the solid line denotes a polar covalent bond, and the dotted or dashed line indicates the hydrogen bond."

What is the energy range of hydrogen bonds?

- "The energy of a hydrogen bond... can vary between 1 and 40 kcal/mol."

How do hydrogen bonds compare to covalent or ionic bonds?

- "Hydrogen bonds... are somewhat stronger than a van der Waals interaction and weaker than fully covalent or ionic bonds."

What are the main three elements involved in hydrogen bonding?

- "The most frequent donor and acceptor atoms are the period 2 elements nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), and fluorine (F)."

Are hydrogen bonds only intermolecular or can they also be intramolecular?

- "Hydrogen bonds can be intermolecular... or intramolecular."

Are hydrogen bonds responsible for any unique properties of certain compounds?

- "The hydrogen bond is responsible for many of the physical and chemical properties of compounds of N, O, and F that seem unusual compared with other similar structures."

What is the energy dependency of a hydrogen bond?

- "The energy of a hydrogen bond depends on... the nature of the specific donor and acceptor atoms."

How do hydrogen bonds contribute to the structure of DNA?

- "This type of bond can occur in... organic molecules like DNA..."

What is the strength of hydrogen bonds compared to van der Waals interactions?

- "This makes them somewhat stronger than a van der Waals interaction..."

What are some examples of materials that hydrogen bonds can hold together?

- "Hydrogen bonds are responsible for holding materials such as paper and felted wool together..."