- "Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory in physics that provides a description of the physical properties of nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles."
Proposed in the 1920s, it is the current accepted model of the atom. It proposes that electrons exist in orbitals, which are fuzzy regions of space where electrons are likely to be found, and that the behavior of electrons is described by the principles of quantum mechanics.
The history of atomic models: This is an introduction to the early models of the atom, including Democritus' idea of the atom and the atomic theory of Dalton.
Electromagnetic radiation: This topic covers the different types of electromagnetic radiation, including their wavelength and frequency, and how they are related to each other.
Quantum mechanics: This is an overview of the key principles of quantum mechanics, such as wave-particle duality, superposition, and uncertainty.
The Schrödinger equation: This is a fundamental equation in quantum mechanics that describes the behavior of electrons in atoms and molecules.
The electronic structure of atoms: This includes the concept of electronic energy levels, subshells, and orbitals.
Quantum numbers: This covers the different quantum numbers used to describe the electronic structure of atoms and how they relate to each other.
The periodic table: This topic explains how the periodic table is organized based on the electronic structure of atoms and the periodic trends in atomic properties.
Atomic orbitals: This covers the shape and energy of atomic orbitals and how they relate to electron configuration and chemical bonding.
Quantum mechanics and chemical bonding: This topic explains how quantum mechanics helps us to understand chemical bonding and the formation of molecules.
Spectroscopy: This is an overview of the different types of spectroscopy, including absorption and emission spectroscopy, and how they are used to study the electronic structure of atoms and molecules.
Bohr Model: The first model of the atom, proposed by Niels Bohr, used to explain the spectral lines of hydrogen. Electrons occupy circular orbits around the nucleus, and each orbit has a fixed energy level.
Wave Mechanical Model: This model uses Schrödinger’s wave equation to calculate the probability of finding electrons in certain regions around the nucleus. Electrons are described by their wave-like properties and are not confined to a specific orbit.
Quantum Field Theory Model: A more advanced model that describes matter and energy in terms of particles called quarks and leptons, which are governed by the laws of quantum mechanics.
Cloud Model: A model that combines the concepts of the wave mechanical model and the Bohr model. Electrons are described as existing in a "cloud" of probability, rather than in specific orbits.
Standard Model: Describes the fundamental particles that make up matter and the forces that govern them. It includes the strong force, weak force, electromagnetic force, and gravity.
Density Functional Theory Model: A model that uses the electron density of a system to describe the behavior of its electrons.
Hartree-Fock Model: A method for calculating the energies of quantum mechanical systems based on wave functions. It is used in molecular modelling, quantum chemistry, and materials science.
Semi-empirical Quantum Mechanics Model: A method that combines empirical data with theoretical calculations to model molecular structures and properties.
Monte Carlo Method: A method for simulating quantum mechanical systems using statistical methods instead of a deterministic algorithm.
Tight-Binding Model: A method for calculating the properties of solids and molecules by taking into account the interactions between neighboring atoms.
Thomas-Fermi Model: A method that uses a mean field approximation to describe the electron density of an atom or molecule.
Hubbard Model: A theoretical framework for describing the behavior of interacting electrons in solids.
- "It is the foundation of all quantum physics including quantum chemistry, quantum field theory, quantum technology, and quantum information science."
- "Quantum mechanics differs from classical physics in that energy, momentum, angular momentum, and other quantities of a bound system are restricted to discrete values (quantization); objects have characteristics of both particles and waves (wave-particle duality); and there are limits to how accurately the value of a physical quantity can be predicted prior to its measurement, given a complete set of initial conditions (the uncertainty principle)."
- "Quantum mechanics arose gradually from theories to explain observations that could not be reconciled with classical physics, such as Max Planck's solution in 1900 to the black-body radiation problem, and the correspondence between energy and frequency in Albert Einstein's 1905 paper, which explained the photoelectric effect."
- "These early attempts to understand microscopic phenomena, now known as the 'old quantum theory,' led to the full development of quantum mechanics in the mid-1920s by Niels Bohr, Erwin Schrödinger, Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, Paul Dirac, and others."
- "In one of them, a mathematical entity called the wave function provides information, in the form of probability amplitudes, about what measurements of a particle's energy, momentum, and other physical properties may yield."
- "Objects have characteristics of both particles and waves (wave-particle duality)."
- "Most theories in classical physics can be derived from quantum mechanics as an approximation valid at large (macroscopic) scale."
- "Max Planck's solution in 1900 to the black-body radiation problem."
- "Albert Einstein's 1905 paper, which explained the photoelectric effect."
- "There are limits to how accurately the value of a physical quantity can be predicted prior to its measurement, given a complete set of initial conditions (the uncertainty principle)."
- "Quantum mechanics is the foundation of all quantum physics."
- "Energy, momentum, angular momentum, and other quantities of a bound system are restricted to discrete values (quantization)."
- "These early attempts to understand microscopic phenomena, now known as the 'old quantum theory.'"
- "Classical physics describes many aspects of nature at an ordinary (macroscopic) scale."
- "The modern theory is formulated in various specially developed mathematical formalisms."
- "Quantum mechanics provides a description of the physical properties of nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles."
- "Quantum mechanics is the foundation of all quantum physics including quantum chemistry, quantum field theory, quantum technology, and quantum information science."
- "The wave function provides information, in the form of probability amplitudes, about what measurements of a particle's energy, momentum, and other physical properties may yield."
- "The old quantum theory led to the full development of quantum mechanics in the mid-1920s by Niels Bohr, Erwin Schrödinger, Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, Paul Dirac, and others."