Introduces the concept of electron spin as an intrinsic property of electrons, which governs their behavior in magnetic fields and determines their contribution to atomic properties.
Atomic Structure: A basic understanding of the structure of atoms, including subatomic particles such as protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Quantum Mechanics: The theory that explains the behavior of subatomic particles, especially electrons, in terms of waves and probabilities.
Orbital Theory: Describes the arrangement of electrons within an atom, including the shapes and energies of orbitals and how they relate to electron spin.
Spin Quantum Number: Quantum number that describes the intrinsic angular momentum, or spin, of an electron.
Spin States: There are two possible spin states for electrons: spin-up and spin-down.
Spin Operator: A mathematical operator that describes the measurement of electron spin.
Stern-Gerlach Experiment: A famous experiment that demonstrated the quantization of electron spin and its interaction with magnetic fields.
Zeeman Effect: The splitting of atomic spectral lines in a magnetic field due to the interaction between electrons' spin and magnetic field.
Hyperfine Structure: The splitting of spectral lines in atomic spectra due to the interaction between the magnetic moments of atomic nucleus and electrons.
Electron Spin Resonance (ESR): A spectroscopic technique that measures the interaction between magnetic fields and spin states of electrons.
Magnetic Susceptibility: Describes the ability of a material to be magnetized in response to an external magnetic field, which is affected by the presence of unpaired electrons with spin.
Magnetic Moment: The magnetic dipole moment created by the orbital and spin angular momentum of an electron.
Hund's Rule: A principle that states that electrons in atomic orbitals will occupy separate orbitals, each with the same spin, before they pair up.
Pauli Exclusion Principle: A principle that states no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers (including their spin quantum number).
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR): A spectroscopic technique that measures the interaction between magnetic fields and unpaired electrons in a material.
Magnetic Fields and Electric Fields: Understanding the relationship between magnetic fields, electric fields, and the behavior of electrons in atomic orbitals.
Magnetic Anisotropy: Refers to the dependence of magnetic properties on the direction of magnetization.
Exchange Interaction: Describes the interaction between pairs of electrons in orbitals with the same spin.
Spin Filters: Magnets or materials that selectively filter or separate spin-up and spin-down electrons.