"Surface weather analysis is a special type of weather map that provides a view of weather elements over a geographical area at a specified time based on information from ground-based weather stations."
The study of the chemical composition and physical properties of surfaces.
Surface characterization techniques: Methods for analyzing the structure and properties of surfaces, including spectroscopy, microscopy, and electrochemistry.
Surface energy and wetting: The measurement and analysis of surface tension, contact angle, and other properties related to the interaction of surfaces with liquids.
Surface modification: The techniques and materials used to alter the properties of surfaces, such as coatings, grafting, and lithography.
Surface reactions and adsorption: The study of chemical reactions and adsorption processes occurring on surfaces, including Langmuir isotherms and BET analysis.
Surface topography: The measurement and analysis of surface roughness, texture, and morphology using techniques such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Surface diffusion: The study of how molecules and atoms move across the surface of a material, often used in catalysis and materials science.
Surface electrochemistry: The use of electrochemistry to study charge transfer processes occurring on surfaces, including cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
Surface kinetics: The study of the rates of reactions occurring on surfaces, including reaction mechanisms and kinetics of adsorption and desorption.
Surface spectroscopy: The use of various spectroscopic techniques, such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), to analyze surface chemistry and structure.
Surface nanotechnology: The study and use of nanomaterials and nanostructures on surfaces, including thin films, nanoparticles, and self-assembled monolayers (SAMs).
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS): It is a surface-sensitive analytical chemistry technique used to study the chemical composition and chemical bonding states of materials.
Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS): It is a technique used to detect and measure the concentration of atoms and molecules at the surface of a material.
Auger electron spectroscopy (AES): It is an analytical chemistry technique used to study the surface composition of materials by measuring the kinetic energy of electrons ejected from an atom after it has been excited by an electron beam.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM): It is a technique used to study the surface morphology and topography of materials by scanning them with a beam of electrons.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM): It is a technique used to study the internal structure of materials by transmitting a beam of electrons through a thin section of the material.
Atomic force microscopy (AFM): It is a technique used to study the surface topography of materials by scanning them with a sharp probe that detects surface forces.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR): It is a technique used to study the chemical composition of materials by measuring the absorption or reflection of infrared radiation.
Raman spectroscopy: It is a technique used to study the vibrational modes of materials by measuring the scattered light produced when a sample is irradiated with monochromatic light.
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS): It is a technique used to study the chemical composition and distribution of materials by measuring the time-of-flight of ions produced when a sample is irradiated with a beam of high-energy ions.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS): It is a technique used to study the chemical composition of materials by measuring the light emitted when a laser pulse is used to vaporize a tiny spot on the surface of the material.
"Weather maps are created by plotting or tracing the values of relevant quantities such as sea level pressure, temperature, and cloud cover onto a geographical map."
"The first weather maps in the 19th century were drawn well after the fact to help devise a theory on storm systems."
"After the advent of the telegraph, simultaneous surface weather observations became possible for the first time."
"The Smithsonian Institution became the first organization to draw real-time surface analyses."
"Use of surface analyses began first in the United States."
"Use of surface analyses spread worldwide during the 1870s."
"Use of the Norwegian cyclone model for frontal analysis began in the late 1910s across Europe."
"Norwegian cyclone model for frontal analysis began in the late 1910s across Europe, with its use finally spreading to the United States during World War II."
"Surface weather analyses have special symbols that show frontal systems, cloud cover, precipitation, or other important information."
"An H may represent high pressure, implying clear skies and relatively warm weather."
"An L may represent low pressure, which frequently accompanies precipitation."
"Various symbols are used not just for frontal zones and other surface boundaries on weather maps, but also to depict the present weather at various locations on the weather map."
"Areas of precipitation help determine the frontal type and location."
"Surface weather analysis is based on information from ground-based weather stations."
"Relevant quantities such as sea level pressure, temperature, and cloud cover are plotted or traced onto a geographical map."
"After the advent of the telegraph, simultaneous surface weather observations became possible for the first time."
"The Smithsonian Institution became the first organization to draw real-time surface analyses."
"Use of surface analyses spread worldwide during the 1870s."
"With its use finally spreading to the United States during World War II."