Chromatography

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A separation technique based on the differential distribution of components in a sample between a stationary phase and a mobile phase.

Separation Principles: Theoretical and practical understanding of separation mechanisms and techniques used in chromatography.
Stationary Phase: The material that stays fixed in place during chromatography, its types, and their applications.
Mobile Phase: The substance moving through the stationary phase during chromatography, its characteristics, types, and their applications.
Chromatography Columns: Types of columns used in chromatography, modification of columns, and their maintenance.
Sample Preparation: Steps required before introducing the sample to the chromatography column, including filtration, dilution, extraction, and derivatization.
Chromatography Instrumentation: Types of analytical instruments used in chromatography, their components, and their functions.
Detection Methods: Techniques used for detecting and quantifying the analyte after chromatographic separation, including spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and electrochemical detection.
Quantitative Analysis: Basic calculations for quantitative analysis of chromatograms, including peak area, height, retention time, and resolution.
Quality Control: Steps that ensure consistent and accurate results, including detecting and preventing contamination, calibrations, and validation of instruments.
Applications of Chromatography: A wide range of fields and industries that utilize chromatography for research, analysis, and quality control, including pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, food and beverages, environmental studies, forensics, and many others.
Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC): A technique used to separate non-volatile mixtures through the use of a thin layer of absorbent material coated onto a flat surface.
Gas Chromatography (GC): A technique used to separate volatile compounds by passing a gaseous mixture through a column packed with a stationary phase.
Liquid Chromatography (LC): A technique used to separate compounds in a liquid mixture by using a stationary phase (usually a solid) and a mobile phase (usually a liquid).
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): A form of liquid chromatography that uses high pressure to push a mobile phase through a column containing a stationary phase.
Ion Chromatography (IC): A technique used to separate ions based on their charge and affinity for a stationary phase.
Affinity Chromatography: A technique used to purify or separate molecules based on their affinity for a specific ligand bound to a stationary phase.
Size-Exclusion Chromatography (SEC): A technique used to separate molecules based on their size by passing a sample through a porous gel matrix.
Chiral Chromatography: A technique used to separate enantiomers (mirror-image molecules) based on their chiral properties through the use of a chiral stationary phase.
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC): A technique that uses supercritical fluids (usually carbon dioxide) to separate compounds based on their solubility in the mobile phase.
Paper Chromatography: A simple technique used to separate compounds based on their solubility and polarity by using a paper strip as the stationary phase.
"Chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture into its components."
"The mobile phase is a fluid solvent...which carries the mixture through a system."
"The stationary phase is a material fixed on the system (column, capillary tube, plate, or sheet)."
"The different constituents of the mixture tend to have different affinities for the stationary phase and are retained for different lengths of time depending on their interactions with its surface sites."
"The constituents travel at different apparent velocities in the mobile fluid, causing them to separate."
"The separation is based on the differential partitioning between the mobile and the stationary phases."
"The purpose of preparative chromatography is to separate the components of a mixture for later use, and is thus a form of purification."
"This process is associated with higher costs due to its mode of production."
"Analytical chromatography is done normally with smaller amounts of material and is for establishing the presence or measuring the relative proportions of analytes in a mixture."
"The two types are not mutually exclusive."
"Subtle differences in a compound's partition coefficient result in differential retention on the stationary phase and thus affect the separation."
"Chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture into its components."
"The mobile phase...carries it through a system."
"Analytical chromatography...is for establishing the presence or measuring the relative proportions of analytes in a mixture."
"The different constituents of the mixture tend to have different affinities for the stationary phase and are retained for different lengths of time depending on their interactions with its surface sites."
"The purpose is to separate the components of a mixture for later use."
"Yes, this process is associated with higher costs due to its mode of production."
"The separation is based on the differential partitioning between the mobile and the stationary phases."
"The constituents travel at different apparent velocities in the mobile fluid, causing them to separate."
"Yes, the two types are not mutually exclusive."