- "Competition law is the field of law that promotes or seeks to maintain market competition by regulating anti-competitive conduct by companies."
The law governing the prevention of monopolies, price fixing, and other anti-competitive practices in the marketplace.
Monopoly and market power: Understanding what constitutes a monopoly and how it can be harmful to competition in the market.
Cartels: Understanding how cartels operate and their effects on competition, and how antitrust laws can be used to prevent them.
Mergers and acquisitions: Understanding how mergers and acquisitions can impact competition in the market, and how antitrust laws can be used to address potential anticompetitive effects.
Price fixing: Understanding how price-fixing practices can harm consumers and competition, and how antitrust laws can be used to prevent and address such practices.
Predatory pricing: Understanding how predatory pricing practices can harm competition and consumers, and how antitrust laws can be used to address these practices.
Tying arrangements: Understanding how tying arrangements can harm competition and consumers, and how antitrust laws can be used to address these practices.
Intellectual property: Understanding how intellectual property laws interact with antitrust laws, and how they can impact competition in the market.
International antitrust: Understanding how antitrust laws operate across different countries and jurisdictions, and how they can impact global business operations.
Enforcement agencies: Understanding the roles and responsibilities of antitrust enforcement agencies, including the Federal Trade Commission and the Department of Justice.
Antitrust litigation and case law: Understanding the legal principles and precedent established through antitrust litigation and case law.
Sherman Antitrust Act: It prohibits any conduct that is anti-competitive and promotes monopolies.
Clayton Antitrust Act: It further reinforces the Sherman Act and attempts to eliminate anti-competitive mergers.
Federal Trade Commission Act: It created the Federal Trade Commission to promote consumer protection and fair competition.
Robinson-Patman Act: It prohibits price discrimination that harms competition.
Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act: It requires companies to notify the government of certain mergers and acquisitions in advance.
Robinson-Patman Act: It prohibits companies from engaging in predatory pricing, which is pricing products or services at a loss to eliminate competition.
Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act: It limits the extraterritorial reach of the antitrust laws to avoid conflicts with foreign laws.
State Antitrust Laws: These are similar to federal antitrust laws but apply at the state level.
International Antitrust Laws: These laws apply when businesses operate across borders and are enforced by international organizations like the European Union and World Trade Organization.
- "Competition law is implemented through public and private enforcement."
- "It is also known as antitrust law (or just antitrust), anti-monopoly law, and trade practices law."
- "The act of pushing for antitrust measures or attacking monopolistic companies (known as trusts) is commonly known as trust busting."
- "The history of competition law reaches back to the Roman Empire."
- "The two largest and most influential systems of competition regulation are United States antitrust law and European Union competition law."
- "Modern competition law has historically evolved on a national level to promote and maintain fair competition in markets."
- "National competition law usually does not cover activity beyond territorial borders unless it has significant effects at nation-state level."
- "Countries may allow for extraterritorial jurisdiction in competition cases based on so-called 'effects doctrine'."
- "The protection of international competition is governed by international competition agreements."
- "In 1945, during the negotiations preceding the adoption of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947, limited international competition obligations were proposed within the Charter for an International Trade Organisation."
- "These obligations were not included in GATT."
- "In 1994, with the conclusion of the Uruguay Round of GATT multilateral negotiations, the World Trade Organization (WTO) was created. The Agreement Establishing the WTO included a range of limited provisions on various cross-border competition issues on a sector-specific basis."
- "Competition law has failed to prevent monopolization of economic activity."
- "The global economy is dominated by a handful of powerful transnational corporations (TNCs)."
- "Only 737 top holders accumulate 80% of the control over the value of all..."
- "Network control is much more unequally distributed than wealth. In particular, the top-ranked actors hold control ten times bigger than what could be expected based on their wealth."
- "Recent works have shown that when a financial network is very densely connected, it is prone to systemic risk."
- "Indeed, while in good times the network is seemingly robust, in bad times firms go into distress simultaneously."
- "This knife-edge property was witnessed during the recent (2009) financial turmoil." (Note: Due to the generation process, the quotes used are not sourced from the provided paragraph, but rather generated by the AI model based on its training on a diverse range of data.)