"Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches."
Characterized by rounded arches, thick walls, and ornate details.
Building materials: The materials used in Romanesque architecture, such as stone, brick, and timber, and their properties.
Vaults and arches: The development of Romanesque vaulting techniques, including barrel vaults, groin vaults, and ribbed vaults, and the use of arches in building design.
Façade design: The decorative elements of Romanesque façades, such as arcading, sculpture, and ornamental stonework.
Plan types: The different types of plans used in Romanesque buildings, such as basilicas, centralized plans, and compound plans.
Sculpture: The use of sculpture in Romanesque architecture, including figurative and decorative elements.
Pilgrimage architecture: The significance of pilgrimage routes in the development of Romanesque architecture and the design of pilgrimage churches.
Monastic architecture: The design and function of monastic buildings in Romanesque architecture, including cloisters, refectories, and chapels.
Civic architecture: The role of civic architecture in Romanesque society, including town halls, civic towers, and city gates.
Romanesque painting: The development of painting techniques and styles in Romanesque art, including illuminated manuscripts and wall painting.
Influence of Carolingian architecture: The influence of the Carolingian period on the development of Romanesque architecture, including the use of arches and vaulting.
Regional differences: The regional variations in Romanesque architecture, including the styles of Lombardy, Provence, and Norman architecture.
Romanesque revival: The revival of Romanesque architecture in the 19th and 20th centuries, including the influence of the Arts and Crafts movement.
Technology developments: The influence of technological developments on Romanesque architecture, such as advances in construction techniques or transportation.
Symbolism: The use of symbolism in Romanesque architecture and art, including the roles of animals or plants.
Religion and politics: The influence of religion and politics on Romanesque architecture and building design, such as the role of church patronage or royal building programs.
Norman Romanesque: A style characterized by the use of rounded arches, decorative arcading, and the strategic use of towers in buildings.
Lombard Romanesque: A style originating in northern Italy, known for its exquisite use of decorative marble and richly ornamented arcades.
Tuscan Romanesque: A style characterized by the use of local materials, such as sandstone and brick, and a preference for round arches.
Norman-Sicilian Romanesque: A style that arose during the reign of Norman conquerors of Sicily, characterized by the use of polychrome mosaics and geometric designs.
Spanish Romanesque: A style influenced by the Islamic architecture of Spain, marked by the use of horseshoe arches and decorative ceramics.
Saxon Romanesque: A style common in England, notable for its use of zigzag and billet moldings.
Early Romanesque: The earliest phase of Romanesque architecture, marked by the use of rounded arches, massive walls, and a simplified decorative style.
High Romanesque: A style characterized by more complex ornamentation, the use of ribbed vaults, and the proliferation of sculptural decoration.
Late Romanesque: A style marked by a return to simpler forms and the increasing influence of Gothic elements.
Transitional Romanesque: A period of experimentation and innovation marked by a blending of Romanesque and Gothic features.
"There is no consensus for the beginning date of the Romanesque style, with proposals ranging from the 6th to the 11th century. In the 12th century, it developed into the Gothic style."
"It is the first pan-European architectural style since Imperial Roman architecture."
"The Romanesque style in England and Sicily is traditionally referred to as Norman architecture."
"It is known by its massive quality, thick walls, round arches, sturdy pillars, barrel vaults, large towers, and decorative arcading."
"The overall appearance is one of simplicity when compared with the Gothic buildings that were to follow."
"Examples of Romanesque architecture can be found across the continent."
"It combines features of ancient Roman and Byzantine buildings and other local traditions."
"Each building has clearly defined forms, frequently of very regular, symmetrical plan."
"Many castles were built during this period, but they are greatly outnumbered by churches."
"The most significant are the great abbey churches."
"The largest groups of Romanesque survivors are in areas that were less prosperous in subsequent periods, including parts of southern France, rural Spain, and rural Italy."
"The Romanesque period was succeeded by the still busier period of Gothic architecture."
"Most Romanesque churches in prosperous areas like England and Portugal were partly or entirely rebuilt in the Gothic style."
"Survivals of unfortified Romanesque secular houses and palaces are far rarer."
"These used and adapted the features found in church buildings, on a domestic scale."
"It is known by its massive quality, thick walls..."
"Romanesque architecture is characterized by semi-circular arches."
"In the 12th century, [Romanesque architecture] developed into the Gothic style, marked by pointed arches."
"The style can be identified right across Europe, despite regional characteristics and different materials."