Quote: "It was established as in anthropological research by Franz Boas in the first few decades of the 20th century and later popularized by his students."
The idea that cultural practices and beliefs should be evaluated and understood within their own cultural context rather than judged by the standards of another culture.
Cultural relativism: This is the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood within the context of their culture, and should not be judged by outsiders.
Moral relativism: The belief that there is no objective morality, and that moral claims are true only relative to a specific culture or individual.
Linguistic relativism: This is the idea that language shapes the way we perceive and think about the world, and that different languages may give rise to different worldviews.
Historical relativism: This is the notion that historical events must be understood within the context of the time and place they occurred, rather than using present-day standards and values to judge them.
Epistemological relativism: This is the idea that knowledge and truth are relative, varying depending on the culture, society or individual concerned.
Subjectivism: A philosophical position that maintains that truth and knowledge are dependent on personal and subjective aspects of perception, experience and judgement.
Objectivism: A philosophical position which argues that reality, truth and knowledge are absolute, independent of the subjective experiences or perceptions of individuals.
Social constructivism: The belief that many aspects of social reality are determined by the beliefs and practices of the people living in a particular society, rather than by an objective external reality.
Postmodernism: A cultural and intellectual movement which challenges the notion of objective truth, and emphasizes the importance of subjective interpretation and perspective in understanding the world.
Cultural imperialism: The imposition of one culture's values, beliefs or practices upon another, often resulting in domination or suppression of the latter culture.
Cultural Relativism: This type of relativism asserts that all cultural practices and beliefs are relative to the specific culture in which they are found. Therefore, one culture cannot be evaluated in terms of another culture's standards, and each culture should be studied and understood on its own terms.
Moral Relativism: This type of relativism asserts that moral judgments are subjective and relative to each individual's beliefs and culture. Therefore, there are no objective moral standards that apply universally to all people, and what is considered right or wrong can vary from one individual or culture to another.
Epistemological Relativism: This type of relativism asserts that knowledge and truth are subjective and relative to individual perceptions and experiences. Therefore, there is no universal or objective truth, and what is considered true can vary from one individual or culture to another.
Linguistic Relativism: This type of relativism asserts that language shapes how we perceive the world and influences our thoughts and actions. Therefore, different languages and cultural contexts can lead to different ways of thinking and experiencing reality.
Historical Relativism: This type of relativism asserts that historical events and processes are relative to specific cultures, societies, and contexts. Therefore, historical interpretations and narratives can vary depending on the perspective and context of the historian.
Biological Relativism: This type of relativism asserts that biological differences between individuals and groups are relative and not absolute. Therefore, biological differences cannot be used to justify inequalities or discrimination based on race, ethnicity, gender, or other categories.
Dual Inheritance Theory: This type of relativism asserts that both biological and cultural factors play a role in shaping human behavior and evolution. Therefore, it rejects the strict nature-versus-nurture dichotomy and emphasizes the interplay between biology and culture.
Ontological Relativism: This type of relativism asserts that reality and existence are relative to individual or cultural perceptions and interpretations. Therefore, different individuals and cultures can have different realities and worldviews.
Quote: "Cultural relativism is the idea that a person's beliefs and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture."
Quote: "Proponents of cultural relativism also tend to argue that the norms and values of one culture should not be evaluated using the norms and values of another."
Quote: "Boas first articulated the idea [of cultural relativism] in 1887."
Quote: "The first use of the term [cultural relativism] recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary was by philosopher and social theorist Alain Locke in 1924."
Quote: "The term [cultural relativism] was used to describe Robert Lowie's 'extreme cultural relativism', found in the latter's 1917 book Culture and Ethnology."
Quote: "The term became common among anthropologists after Boas' death in 1942."
Quote: "Boas believed that the sweep of cultures, to be found in connection with any subspecies, is so vast and pervasive that there cannot be a relationship between culture and race."
Quote: "Cultural relativism involves specific epistemological and methodological claims."
Quote: "Whether or not these claims necessitate a specific ethical stance is a matter of debate."
Quote: "The popularization of cultural relativism after World War II was somehow a reaction to such historical events as Nazism, and to colonialism, ethnocentrism, and racism more generally."
Quote: "Boas first articulated the idea in 1887: 'civilization is not something absolute, but ... is relative, and ... our ideas and conceptions are true only so far as our civilization goes'."
Quote: "Boas first articulated the idea in 1887: 'civilization is not something absolute, but ... is relative, and ... our ideas and conceptions are true only so far as our civilization goes'."
Quote: None directly stated.
Quote: "The popularization of cultural relativism after World War II was somehow a reaction to such historical events as [...] colonialism, ethnocentrism, and racism more generally."
Quote: None directly stated.
Quote: None directly stated.
Quote: "Whether or not these claims necessitate a specific ethical stance is a matter of debate."
Quote: "The popularization of cultural relativism after World War II was somehow a reaction to... ethnocentrism and racism more generally."
Quote: None directly stated.