"Women are involved in the film industry in all roles, including as film directors, actresses, cinematographers, film producers, film critics, and other film industry professions."
The ways in which women are portrayed in various forms of media, including film, TV, advertisements, and news reporting.
The Media Landscape: An exploration of the different types of media (print, broadcast, social media) and how they shape our perceptions of gender and sexuality.
Feminist Media Criticism: An overview of the key concepts and methods used by feminist scholars to critique media representations of women and other marginalized groups.
Gender Stereotypes: An examination of the ways in which media reinforces gender norms and reinforces gender inequality.
Intersectionality: A discussion of how race, class, and sexuality intersect with gender in media representations.
Body Politics: An analysis of how the media constructs idealized images of the female body, and how these images are used to promote certain beauty standards and products.
Sexualization of Women and Girls: A study of how young girls and women are objectified and sexualized in media representations, and the impact this has on their self-esteem and body image.
Violence Against Women: An exploration of how media representations of violence against women reinforce gender-based violence and misogyny, and the ways in which feminist media activists are working to change this.
Activism and Media: A discussion of the role that media plays in contemporary feminist activism, including grassroots organizing, social media campaigns, and awareness-raising initiatives.
Celebrity Culture: A study of how the media constructs celebrity images and the ways in which this reinforces traditional gender roles and reinforces beauty standards.
Queer Representation: An analysis of how the media represents the LGBTQ+ community, including the challenges and opportunities that exist for queer representation in mainstream media.
Stereotypical representation: This type of representation is based on generalizations and oversimplifications of a particular demographic or group of people.
Tokenism: This is when media includes only one or a few individuals from a particular demographic or group as a way to show inclusivity, without fully or accurately representing them.
Invisible representation: This is when a particular group or demographic is excluded or not represented at all, leading to their erasure from public consciousness.
Intersectional representation: This is when media accurately represents the complex experiences of individuals who possess different, overlapping identities.
Positive representation: This type of representation portrays individuals or groups in a favorable, empowering, or inspiring manner.
Negative representation: This type of representation portrays individuals or groups in an unflattering, stereotypical, or derogatory manner.
Authentic representation: This is when media accurately reflects the experiences, struggles, and triumphs of individuals or groups without resorting to harmful stereotypes.
Diverse representation: This is when media includes a broad range of individuals or groups from different backgrounds, identities, and experiences.
Hypervisibility: This is when media represents a particular demographic or group in such a way that they become objects of fascination, voyeurism, or scrutiny, leading to their exploitation or marginalization.
Active representation: This is when individuals or groups actively work to represent themselves in media, and create positive or authentic portrayals.
"This underrepresentation has been called the 'celluloid ceiling', a variant on the employment discrimination term 'glass ceiling'."
"Most English-language academic study and media coverage focus on the issue in the US film industry (Hollywood)."
"Although inequalities also exist in other countries."
"Women have always had a presence in film acting but have consistently been underrepresented."
"Women...on average significantly less well paid."
"Many key roles in filmmaking were for many decades done almost entirely by men, such as directors and cinematographers."
"The title of 'auteur' is typically administered to men."
"Even with women auteurs persevering and growing beside them."
"In more recent times, women have made inroads and made contributions to many of these fields."