Proposed by John Dalton in the early 19th century, it stated that atoms were indivisible and indestructible, and all atoms of the same element had identical properties.
The Law of Definite Proportions: This law states that the ratio of the elements present in a compound is always fixed and constant.
The Law of Multiple Proportions: The law of multiple proportions states that when two or more elements can combine to form more than one compound, the ratio of the masses of the elements in those compounds will be in whole number ratios.
Atomic structure: Dalton's atomic theory proposed that all matter is made up of small indivisible particles called atoms. These atoms are further made up of three subatomic particles: Protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Atomic mass and atomic number: Atomic mass represents the total mass of an atom, which is given by the number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus. Atomic number represents the number of protons present in the nucleus of an atom.
Isotopes: Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons in the nucleus.
Electron configuration: The electron configuration of an atom describes the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of the atom.
Energy levels: Electrons in atoms are located in specific energy levels or shells, representing different distances from the nucleus.
Periodic table: The periodic table is the arrangement of elements based on their atomic number and electronic configuration.
Chemical bonding: Chemical bonding is the process by which atoms combine to form compounds.
Chemical reactions: Chemical reactions involve the breaking and forming of chemical bonds, which result in the rearrangement of atoms to form new compounds.
Quantum mechanics: Quantum mechanics is the branch of physics that explains the behavior and interaction of subatomic particles.
Electromagnetic spectrum: The electromagnetic spectrum consists of a broad range of electromagnetic radiation, including radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays.
Wave-particle duality: Wave-particle duality is the concept that subatomic particles possess both wave-like and particle-like properties.
Electron configuration notation: Electron configuration notation is a shorthand notation used to represent the electronic configuration of an atom.
Electron affinity: Electron affinity is the energy released when an atom gains an electron to form an anion.
Ionization energy: Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom or ion.
Atomic and molecular spectra: Atomic and molecular spectra are the characteristic patterns of emission or absorption of energy by atoms or molecules.
Valence electrons: Valence electrons are the outermost electrons of an atom that are involved in chemical bonding.
Lewis structures: Lewis structures are diagrams that show the valence electrons of an atom and their arrangement in chemical bonding.
Covalent bonding: Covalent bonding is the sharing of one or more electrons between two atoms to form a stable compound.
Ionic bonding: Ionic bonding occurs when one atom donates one or more electrons to another atom to form a positively charged cation and a negatively charged anion.
Metallic bonding: Metallic bonding occurs when metal atoms share a large number of electrons in a sea of delocalized electrons.
Molecular geometry: Molecular geometry is the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms and bonds in a molecule.
Chemical properties: Chemical properties are the characteristics of a substance that describe its behavior in chemical reactions.
Physical properties: Physical properties are the characteristics of a substance that are observable without changing its chemical composition.
Elements are made up of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms.: Elements are composed of indivisible particles called atoms, each with its own unique properties and characteristics.
All atoms of a given element are identical in terms of their mass and chemical properties, but atoms of different elements have different properties.: All atoms of the same element have the same mass and chemical properties, while atoms of different elements have distinct properties.
Atoms combine in fixed whole-number ratios to form compounds.: In Dalton's Atomic Theory, it is stated that atoms combine in fixed, whole-number ratios to form compounds.
Chemical reactions occur when atoms are rearranged and combined in different ways, but the total number of atoms remains unchanged.: Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement and combination of atoms in different ways, while the fundamental principle of Dalton's Atomic Theory states that the total number of atoms does not change during a reaction.
Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed in chemical reactions: They can only be rearranged.